Transcript kwon ch 15 abnormal psychology

Psychological Disorders
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RK8zaVYrsPI
(2:08-)
HW of the week 3/24-3/28
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Monday
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Tuesday
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Ch 15 p.620-626
Block day
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Ch 15 p.612-620
Ch 15 p.627-633
Study for vocab quiz and free response
Friday
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Ch 15 p.634-642 ½
Last day to take ch 14 test
Agenda, Monday 3/24
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Project
Unit introduction
Perspectives on psych disorders
Abnormal Psychology
Research Project
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Research and explain one psychological
disorder* to class
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(*see signup sheet and outline for a list)
Due: next Tuesday and block day
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Maximum TWO people per topic
5-10 min presentation
Include info on: definition, symptoms,
diagnosis, treatment, case study etc
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You will have this block day and half of
next Monday to work on/rehearse project
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Sign up for your project by Block day
morning.
Topics are first-come, first-serve.
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Presentations order is as listed in signup sheet
Project outline & rubric
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Read through them both
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Question & Concerns?
“Most people have
problems from time
to time but are not
mentally ill.”
Prevalence
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Approximately 48% of adults experience symptoms
at least once in their lives
Approximately 80% who experienced symptoms per
year do NOT seek treatment
A Matter of Degree
Determining Abnormality
Three Criteria:
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ATYPICAL/DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
 unusual behavior that is also disturbing to the values or
beliefs of others is likely to be considered deviant.
DISTRESSING
 such as in depression or debilitating anxiety
DYSFUNCTIONAL/HARMFUL
 Often it is a matter of degree.
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Ex. Drinking alcohol until no longer able to function well at
home or work
• Watch “strange addiction” (chalk)
Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorder
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in which a behavior is judged to be:
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deviant--not enough in itself and varies
with time and culture
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distressful
dysfunctional
Perspectives on Psychological
Disorders
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Individual: One’s own sense of personal wellbeing determines normality.
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Society: Behavior is abnormal when it does
not conform to the existing social order.
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Mental-health professional: Personality and
degree of personal discomfort and life
functioning determine normality.
Psychological Disorders
.
1.
There are 450 million people suffering from
psychological disorders (WHO, 2004).
2.
Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures
of the world.
Classification of Behavior
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Difficult to define
Causes and cures
are rarely obvious
or clear-cut
Must be ongoing
Use DSM-IV
Historical Perspective
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Perceived Causes
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movements of sun or moon
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lunacy--full moon
evil spirits
Ancient Treatments
Trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals,
being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or
transfused with animal’s blood.
Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)
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Ignorance (thinking demon
possession as cause of
mental disorders) led to
harsh and ineffective
remedial treatments
Medical Perspective
Explains that madness is not due to demonic
possession, but an ailment of the mind.
George Wesley Bellows, Dancer in a Madhouse, 1907. © 1997 The Art Institute of Chicago
Dance in the madhouse.
Medical Model
Medical models gained momentum when
physicians discovered that syphilis infection
led to mental disorders
Criticism on Medical model
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Neglects importance of
social circumstance and
psychological factors (e.g.,
anorexia in the West)
Biopsychosocial Perspective
Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and
psychological factors combine and interact to
produce psychological disorders.
Classifying Psychological Disorders
The American Psychiatric Association (APA)
rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe
psychological disorders.
The most recent edition is DSM-5 (2013)
DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders) 2000
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Standard classification of
mental disorders
Diagnostic Criteria- Essential
and associated features that
must be present for the patient
to be given a diagnostic label
Disorder Categories
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Youth: Infancy, Childhood, & Adolescence
Delirium, Dementia, and other Cognitive
Disorders
Substance-Related
Schizophrenia & other Psychotic Disorders
Mood
Anxiety
Dissociative
Sexual
Eating
Sleep
Impulse Control
Multiaxial Classification
All except mental retardation and personality
Axis I
disorder
Axis II
Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
General Medical Condition (diabetes,
Axis III
hypertension or arthritis etc)
Psychosocial or Environmental factors
Axis IV
(school or housing issues)
Axis V
Global Assessment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oif3xDj
lV5I
Goals of DSM
1.
2.
Describe (approx 300) disorders.
Determine how prevalent the disorder is.
DSM is uses observable symptoms so different
professionals will give similar diagnosis
(reliable).
Others criticize DSM for “putting any kind of
behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”
*childhood bipolar disorder
Labeling Psychological Disorders
Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels
may stigmatize individuals.
David Rosenhan: PseudoPatient Experiment
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Investigated reliability of psychiatric
diagnoses
8 healthy people were admitted to
psychiatric hospitals when complained
of hearing voices
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6bmZ8cV
B4o
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eO5r9ms8myI
Rosenhan: Results
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Staff treated patients as if they were really ill
Staff noted “abnormal” symptoms
Kept patients for an average of 19 days
Discharged with diagnosis of “schizophrenia in remission”
Rosenhan: Nonexistent
Impostor Experiment
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Told hospital staff to
expect pseudo-patients
(“impostors”)
No pseudo-patients were
actually sent, but staff
identified 41 anyway
(these were, in fact, real
patients)
Rosenhan study conclusion
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"it is clear that we cannot distinguish the
sane from the insane in psychiatric
hospitals"
illustrated the dangers of dehumanization
and labeling in psychiatric institutions.
Rosenhan: Implications
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Psychiatrists disputed the
results
Prompted changes in
psychiatric diagnosis
The DSM-IV
Labeling Psychological Disorders
Labels may be helpful for healthcare
professionals when communicating with one
another and establishing therapy.
Agenda Tuesday 3/25
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Perspectives
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Learning
Biological/evolutionary
Social-cognitive
Signup for project topic
The Learning Perspective
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Learning theorists believe anxiety
disorder to be a product of:
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John Coletti/ Stock, Boston
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Fear conditioning
Stimulus generalization
Reinforcement
Observational learning
The Learning Perspective
Stimulus Generalization
tendency for the conditioned stimulus to
evoke similar responses after the
response has been conditioned.
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e.g., if a child has been conditioned to fear a
stuffed white rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of
similar objects
The Learning Perspective
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Reinforcement
reinforcement helps maintain phobias
and compulsions
Avoid/escape the feared situation =>
reduces anxiety => more of same
behavior
The Learning Perspective
Young monkeys develop fear when they watch
other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
Parents transmit their fears to their children.
http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/03/16/howfear-is-learned/691.html
The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection (evolution) has led our
ancestors to learn to fear snakes spiders, and
other animals.
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People didn’t develop lasting fear of overhead planes after WWII
Calbin Pott says depression served as adaptive function by slowing
people down and prevent engaging in life-threatening behaviors
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The Biological Perspective
General anxiety, panic
attacks, obsessions are
biologically measurable
(= overarousal of brain
areas involved in impulse
control and habits)
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
of an OCD patient.
Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. The rate of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Studies link possible genes
and dispositions for
depression.
Jerry Irwin Photography
Neurotransmitters & Depression
A reduction of
norepinephrine and
serotonin has been
found in depression.
Pre-synaptic
Neuron
Norepinephrine
Drugs that alleviate
mania reduce
norepinephrine.
Serotonin
Post-synaptic
Neuron
Social-Cognitive Perspective
• Emotional disturbance comes from selfblame (learned helplessness) and
overgeneralized explanations (pessimism).
“I didn’t get the job because I’m stupid
and inept”
vs.
“I didn’t get the job because the interview
didn’t go well”
Example
Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
Cognitive Bases for Depression
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A.T. Beck: depressed people hold pessimistic
views of
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themselves
the world
the future
Depressed people distort in negative ways
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exaggerate bad experiences
minimize good experiences
Selection time!
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Definition of some disorders
Depression Cycle
Hopelessness changes the way the individual thinks and
acts, fueling personal rejection.
Seasonal affective disorder
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a type of depression that occurs at the
same time every year. If you're like
most people with seasonal affective
disorder, your symptoms start in the fall
and may continue into the winter
months, sapping your energy and
making you feel moody.
Psychosomatic vs.
Somatoform
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psychosomatic: patient's mental issues
causes real physical illness.
e.g., high blood pressure, limp
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somatoform: group of mental disorders
in which people have subjective feelings
of illness that are seemingly untestable
by medical means
Conversion Disorder
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Somatoform disorders in which a
dramatic specific disability has no
physical cause but instead seems
related to psychological problems.
Hypochondriasis
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A somatoform disorder in which a
person interprets insignificant
symptoms as signs of serious illness in
the absence of any organic evidence of
such illness.
Kleptomania
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irresistible urge to steal items that you
generally don't really need and that
usually have little value.
Munchausen (MOON-chow-zun)
syndrome
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someone with a deep need for attention
pretends to be sick or gets sick or
injured on purpose. People with
Munchausen syndrome may make up
symptoms, push for risky operations, or
try to rig laboratory test results to try to
win sympathy and concern.
Histrionic personality disorder
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characterized by a long-standing
pattern of attention seeking behavior
and extreme emotionality. Someone
with histrionic personality disorder
wants to be the center of attention in
any group of people, and feel
uncomfortable when they are not.
Project
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Decide, sign up.
Agenda, Block day 3/26-27
• Computer lab research day
• Project due next block day
• 2, 4th period: room 526
• 1st period: room 209
• Vocab quiz, writing prompt on Friday
Homework of week 3/31-4/4
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Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday