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Learning & Maladaptive Behavior Lecture 16 Maladaptive Behavior Detrimental to well-being/survival How is it acquired? Normal learning mechanisms Operant (Instrumental) conditioning overt behaviors Pavlovian conditioning CERs physiological responses covert behaviors ~ Maladaptive Learning: Pavlovian Conditioned Emotional Responses fear/anxiety anticipatory pain Phobias Depression Panic Disorder With agoraphobia Post-traumatic stress-disorder ~ Conditioned Emotional Responses Acquired Motivation Motivates maladaptive behaviors covert behavior: Fear & Anxiety Pavlovian Self-medication Addictive behaviors Mood modification Via behavior or substance use acquisition by operant ~ Maladaptive Learning: Instrumental Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia Obesity Substance abuse & addiction Abusive relationships Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Learned Helplessness Related to depression ~ Maladaptive Eating Behaviors Higher incidence of depression & anxiety OCD & substance abuse women: relationship problems Maintained via reinforcement self-medication Obesity positive & negative reinforcement health problems ~ Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa little or no eating Bulimia binge & purge Motivation? Negative body image anxiety lack of control Control eating RFT ~ Substance Abuse & Addiction Abused/Addictive drugs Positive reinforcers Negative reinforcers Aversive aftereffects Normal reinforcement mechanisms Same as natural reinforcers Strengthens drug-taking behavior Addiction: compulsive use ~ Abusive Relationships Why do women stay with men who physically abuse them? Pain as punishment Honeymoon phase as Pos RFT Initially later following abuse History of punishing behavior early weak later severe habituation ~ Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessions Persistent, intrusive thoughts Produce anxiety Compulsions Repetitive behaviors Reduce anxiety Acquired & maintained by… Negative reinforcement ~ Learned Helplessness Animal model of depression No contingency b/n behavior & aversive outcomes Saversive : B no effect Global expectancy develops ineffectiveness of behavior Failure to respond even when it may be successful ~ Experimental procedure Master rat Yoked rat Master response can terminate shock Yoked shocked w/ master no control over shock ~ Give all avoidance training Transfer all to shuttlebox training Standard escape / avoidance task Will they learn to escape? Master? Yoked? ~ Master vs Yoked Difference in escape learning, but Both shocked Same number Same intensity Same duration How do they differ? Control of shock ~ Conclusions Yoked rat develops expectation no response will terminate shock generalizes to other situations Global expectancy of ineffectiveness ~ Uncontrollable Aversive Events Learned Helplessness Stress-induced Analgesia Decrease in pain sensitivity Occurs in rats in uncontrollable circumstances Use same rats from learned helplessness Test for analgesia Tail Flick Test ~ Results Master no analgesia stress is controllable Yoked rat analgesic stress is uncontrollable Less sensitive to pain May stay in contact with painful stimulus longer Injury more likely ~ Kids & Math Problems Dweck & Rapucci (1973) 5th graders given series of math problems Give easy problems performance good Give unsolvable problems Give easy again difficulty doing easy problems ~ Adjunctive Behavior Excessive behavior Byproduct of intermittent RFT of another behavior moderate FI schedules Distractive behaviors: excessive… TV viewing, talking, hobbies, etc Deleterious behaviors Aggression, substance abuse, OCD, eating, hyperactivity, etc. ~ Adjunctive Behavior: Polydypsia Falk (1961) Food-deprived rats Bar press, FI1 min for food RFT Water available, no deprivation Response patterns Expected FI pattern for bar press Unexpected: excessive drinking ~ Adjunctive Behavior: Polydypsia Drank up to ½ body wgt in 3 hours Not being reinforced Drinking immediately after RFT Also for Attack behavior, overeating And in several species SR deprivation adjunctive behavior Can act as RFT for other behaviors Premack Principle ~ Adjunctive Behavior: Conflict Between Obtaining valued RFT And abandoning situation e.g., work vs family; hi risk jobs Rate of RFT important Too rich or lean No conflict Rich: stay and respond Lean: abandon Moderate adjunctive behavior Conflict ~ Adjunctive Behavior: Conflict Displacement Activity Irrelevant behavior (e.g.,killing time) when confronted by conflict Or thwarted from attaining goal How could it be adaptive? response variation Remain in situation where valued RFT might occur ~ Case Study: B.S. 24-year-old male Moderate mental retardation & BD Aggression: others, objects, self Activity Schedule toileting every hour (FI1 hr) SIB after toilet Change of schedule to VI1 hr almost completely eliminated SIB ~