Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To: Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
Psychology, Eighth Edition By David G.
Myers
Worth Publishers
(2007)
Chapter 8: Learning
Watch & Learn
Reinforce
Me
Animals
Learn
Think!
Those Kids!
Animals Learn
500
400
300
200
100
Reinforce Me
500
400
300
200
100
Watch and Learn
500
400
300
200
100
Think!
500
400
300
200
100
Those Kids!
500
400
300
200
100
1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the
dog’s salivation to the bell is the:
•
•
•
•
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
2. Jimmy was frightened by a
barking dog. For the next few
months, he was afraid of all dogs.
This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
3. After repeatedly presenting the
CS without the UCS, the CR will
gradually disappear. This is called:
•
•
•
•
A) extinguished reaction.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) stimulus neutralization.
4. Once extinction has occurred,
the CR may return if enough time
has passed. This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) spontaneous remission.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) conditioned recurrence.
5. Which of the following would be an
example of Classical Conditioning
being applied to practical problems?
• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?
• B) using methadone for heroine
addicts.
• C) applying electric shock to
depressed patients.
• D) giving alcoholics a drug to make
them sick if they drink.
6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is
reinforced with monetary winnings
on a _____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
7. In ____, a response is
strengthened in order to avoid
something unpleasant.
•
•
•
•
A) punishment.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) positive reinforcement.
8. Even when punishment changes
behavior, it has several drawbacks,
including:
• A) punishment doesn’t teach the
correct response.
• B) punishment may result in fear of
the one punishing.
• C) effects may be only temporary.
• D) all of the above.
9. Resistance to extinction is most
strongly encouraged by _____
reinforcement.
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent
B) delayed
C) continuous
D) negative
10. If you want to teach a pigeon to eat
out of your hand, you would place some
bird seed closer and closer to you until it
finally had to come to your hand. This is
called:
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) continuous reinforcement.
11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap
backward because he noticed his
older brother does so. This illustrates
the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) respondent behavior.
B) immediate reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) modeling.
12. Albert Bandura contends that
most human behavior:
• A) is acquired through observational
learning.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and
error.
• C) is reinforced through positive
conditioning.
• D) is planned out and not accidental.
13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll
experiment, he demonstrated:
• A) aggressive children will imitate
aggressive behavior.
• B) children will imitate aggressive
behavior just by observing it.
• C) children who are non-aggressive will
not imitate aggressive behavior.
• D) children will imitate aggressive
behavior is reinforced with candy.
14. Research on children viewing
violence on TV is related to their own
aggressive behavior in that:
• A) there is only a “modest”
correlation.
• B) there is no real correlation
between the two.
• C) its effects are only temporary.
• D) there is a positive and
statistically significant correlation.
15. Based on what researchers have
found about the effect of modeling on
behavior,
• A) we can decrease violence in our society if
we decrease the amount of violence on TV.
• B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we
increase the amount of it on TV.
• C) all of the above.
• D) none of the above; TV doesn’t change
the way people behave.
16. After a week at college, Kim has
formed a mental representation of the
layout of the campus and no longer
gets lost. She has developed a:
•
•
•
•
A) visual memory.
B) perceptual delineation.
C) cognitive map.
D) retinal disparity.
17. The fact that learning can occur
without reinforcement is most clearly
demonstrated by studies of:
•
•
•
•
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) computer-assisted instruction.
18. The desire to engage in an
activity for the sake of its own
enjoyment involves:
•
•
•
•
A) spontaneous reinforcers.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) latent learning.
19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for
food than to train it to stand on its hind
legs for food. This best illustrates the
importance of ______ in learning.
•
•
•
•
A) primary reinforcement
B) generalization
C) negative reinforcers
D) biological predispositions
20. According to Thorndike’s Law of
Effect, when responses are followed
by something unpleasant:
• A) the response is strengthened.
• B) the unpleasant stimulus is
avoided.
• C) the response is weakened.
• D) the CR is extinguished.
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding
cars may also begin to fear speeding
trucks and motorcycles. This best
illustrates:
•
•
•
•
A) generalization.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
22. By pushing vending machine buttons,
children often learn that this action is
associated with the delivery of a candy
bar. This best illustrates the process
underlying:
•
•
•
•
A) latent learning.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
23. For purposes of effective childrearing, most psychologists favor the
use of _____ over _____.
• A) shaping; modeling
• B) reinforcement; punishment
• C) spontaneous recovery;
extinction
• D) negative reinforcement;
positive reinforcement
24: A child’s fear at the sight of a
hypodermic needle is a(n):
•
•
•
•
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
25. In explaining juvenile
delinquency, B.F. Skinner would
most likely have emphasized:
•
•
•
•
A) inherited predispositions.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) faulty child-rearing practices.
D) a lack of moral values in
contemporary society.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. In Pavlov’s experiment, the
dog’s salivation to the bell is the:
•
•
•
•
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
317
2. Jimmy was frightened by a
barking dog. For the next few
months, he was afraid of all dogs.
This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus discrimination.
C) unconditioned response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
320
3. After repeatedly presenting the CS
without the UCS, the CR will gradually
disappear. This is called:
•
•
•
•
A) extinguished reaction.
B) extinction.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) stimulus neutralization.
319
4. Once extinction has occurred,
the CR may return if enough time
has passed. This is an example of:
•
•
•
•
A) spontaneous remission.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) conditioned recurrence.
319
5. Which of the following would be an
example of Classical Conditioning
being applied to practical problems?
• A) teaching a dog to wag its tail?
• B) using methadone for heroine addicts
• C) applying electric shock to depressed
patients
• D) giving alcoholics a drug to make
them sick if they drink
323
6. Purchasing state lottery tickets is
reinforced with monetary winnings on
a _____ schedule.
•
•
•
•
A) fixed-interval
B) variable-interval
C) fixed-ratio
D) variable-ratio
332
7. In ____, a response is
strengthened in order to avoid
something unpleasant.
•
•
•
•
A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) partial reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement
329
8. Even when punishment changes
behavior, it has several drawbacks,
including:
• A) punishment doesn’t teach the
correct response.
• B) punishment may result in fear of
the one punishing.
• C) effects may be only temporary.
• D) all of the above.
333
9. Resistance to extinction is most
strongly encouraged by _____
reinforcement.
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent
B) delayed
C) continuous
D) negative
331
10. If you want to teach a pigeon to
eat out of your hand, you would
place some bird seed closer and
closer to you until it finally had to
come to your hand. This is called:
•
•
•
•
A) intermittent reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) continuous reinforcement.
328
11. Jeremy wears his baseball cap
backward because he noticed his
older brother does so. This illustrates
the importance of:
•
•
•
•
A) respondent behavior.
B) immediate reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) modeling.
341
12. Albert Bandura contends that
most human behavior:
• A) is acquired through observational
learning.
• B) is shaped through repeated trial-and
error.
• C) is reinforced through positive
conditioning.
• D) is planned out and not accidental.
343
13. In Bandura’s Bobo Doll
experiment, he demonstrated:
• A) aggressive children will imitate
aggressive behavior.
• B) children will imitate aggressive
behavior just by observing it.
• C) children who are non-aggressive will
not imitate aggressive behavior.
• D) children will imitate aggressive
behavior is reinforced with candy.
343
14. Research on children viewing
violence on TV is related to their own
aggressive behavior in that:
• A) there is only a “modest”
correlation.
• B) there is no real correlation
between the two.
• C) its effects are only temporary.
• D) there is a positive and
statistically significant correlation.
345
15. Based on what researchers have
found about the effect of modeling on
behavior,
• A) we can decrease violence in our society if
we decrease the amount of violence on TV.
• B) we can increase pro-social behavior if we
increase the amount of it on TV.
• C) all of the above.
• D) none of the above; TV doesn’t change
the way people behave.
343
16. After a week at college, Kim has
formed a mental representation of the
layout of the campus and no longer
gets lost. She has developed a:
•
•
•
•
A) visual memory.
B) perceptual delineation.
C) cognitive map.
D) retinal disparity.
334
17. The fact that learning can occur
without reinforcement is most clearly
demonstrated by studies of:
•
•
•
•
A) shaping.
B) latent learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) computer-assisted instruction.
334
18. The desire to engage in an
activity for the sake of its own
enjoyment involves:
•
•
•
•
A) spontaneous reinforcers.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) latent learning.
335
19. It is easier to train a dog to bark for
food than to train it to stand on its hind
legs for food. This best illustrates the
importance of ______ in learning.
•
•
•
•
A) primary reinforcement
B) generalization
C) negative reinforcers
D) biological predispositions
336
20. According to Thorndike’s Law of
Effect, when responses are followed
by something unpleasant:
• A) the response is strengthened.
• B) the unpleasant stimulus is
avoided.
• C) the response is weakened.
• D) the CR is extinguished.
327
21. Toddlers taught to fear speeding
cars may also begin to fear speeding
trucks and motorcycles. This best
illustrates:
•
•
•
•
A) generalization.
B) secondary reinforcement.
C) shaping.
D) latent learning.
320
22. By pushing vending machine buttons,
children often learn that this action is
associated with the delivery of a candy
bar. This best illustrates the process
underlying:
•
•
•
•
A) latent learning.
B) intermittent reinforcement.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.
326
23. For purposes of effective childrearing, most psychologists favor the
use of _____ over _____.
• A) shaping; modeling
• B) reinforcement; punishment
• C) spontaneous recovery;
extinction
• D) negative reinforcement;
positive reinforcement
333
24: A child’s fear at the sight of a
hypodermic needle is a(n):
•
•
•
•
A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
317
25. In explaining juvenile
delinquency, B.F. Skinner would
most likely have emphasized:
•
•
•
•
A) inherited predispositions.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) faulty child-rearing practices.
D) a lack of moral values in
contemporary society.
338
Acknowledgements
• Step Up Created by:
– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Psychology,
Eighth Edition
• By David G. Myers
• Published by
• Worth Publishers
(2007)
Answers
1.
D
9.
A
17.
B
2.
A
10.
B
18.
C
3.
B
11.
D
19.
D
4.
C
12.
A
20.
C
5.
D
13.
B
21.
A
6.
D
14.
D
22.
D
7.
B
15.
C
23.
B
8.
D
16.
C
24.
A
25.
C