Transcript Slide 1 - Waukee Community School District Blogs

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Classical Conditioning
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Learning procedure in which associations are made between
a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
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Stimulus and Response
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): event that leads to a certain,
predictable response usually without any previous training
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Unconditioned Response (UCR): reaction that occurs
naturally and automatically when the US is presented (a
reflex)
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS): once-neutral event that elicits a
given response after a period of training in which it has been
paired with an US
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Conditioned Response (CR): the learned reaction to a CS
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Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR
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The overhead in Tom's lab has a short circuit and gives him a
shock every time he touches it. After a while Tom hesitates
every time he is about to touch the overhead.
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One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka
screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon
bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits.
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To stop bad habits, it is sometimes recommended that you
put a rubber band around your wrist and snap it every time
you notice yourself doing that behaviour
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Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR
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When you are in gym class, you get hit in the head
repeatedly with a basketball. Soon you develop an aversion
to not only basketball, but volleyball and football as well.
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There are two people you know who you always see together.
One day, you see one of them by himself, and he comes up to
you and punches you in the nose. Later you see the other one
by himself, and you decide to turn around so he doesn't see
you
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Examples: Find the US, UR, CS, CR
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Your cat comes running every time it hears the can opener
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Your dog gets sick and requires several painful trips to the
vet. Now he hides every time he hears you rattle your keys
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Every time you take your kids out in the car, you drive
through McDonalds and get dinner. Now whenever you rattle
your keys, your kids come running
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You always do your homework on your desk. After a very
hard semester, you find that sitting at your desk depresses
you
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More Examples
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Tom gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen
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Your significant other often yells at you and makes you feel
bad. Pretty soon you can't stand the look of that person and
dump them. You meet another person who wears the same
cologne/perfume. Although they seem nice, you just can't
seem to get along with them.
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You meet a new person who's cooking is very good. After a
few meals you start to fall in love.
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Even More Examples
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Whenever you watch a scary show, you always have a big
bowl of popcorn. Now you find that just having a bowl of
popcorn makes you feel creepy. Later your scary show is
canceled, and you start eating popcorn while watching
Seinfeld. Now the popcorn makes you feel happy.
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You know a person who enjoys working, even though the
work he does doesn't appear to be very much fun.
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Classical Conditioning
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Generalization: responding similarly to a range of similar
stimuli
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Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at the sight of a circle; dog
responding similarly to an oval
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Dentist drill
Discrimination: the ability to respond differently to similar
but distinct stimuli
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Pavlov got the dog to only salivate at the sight of a circle and not
an oval
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Classical Conditioning
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Extinction: gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is
repeatedly presented without the UCS
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Tuning fork without food and eventually dog didn’t salivate
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Car accident
Spontaneous Recovery: following rest period, CR may
reappear when CS is presented again but not followed by a
UCS
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Classical Conditioning
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Taste Aversion: develop a negative reaction to a food based
on previous experience
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Canalization: process in which people are conditioned to
prefer one stimulus over another because they perceive that
stimulus as more satisfying; differs from culture to culture
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Eating Insects? Inedible or Delicacy?
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Human Behavior
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O. Hobart and Mollie Mowrer solve the problem of bedwetting
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Little Albert Case Study p. 249
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Was this ethical? Value of research vs. methods used?
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Behaviorist Theory
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Behaviorism: attempt to understand behavior in terms of
relationships between observable stimuli and observable
responses.
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Behaviorists: psychologists who study behaviors that they
can observe and measure
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Action instead of thought
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Operant Conditioning: 250-252
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Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequences of
behavior
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What is the main difference between operant and classical
conditioning?
Reinforcement: stimulus or event that follows a response and
increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
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B.F. Skinner and the Skinner Box
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Positive Reinforcement: something desired added after an action
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Negative Reinforcement: something unpleasant taken away if
subject performs action
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Reinforcers
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Primary Reinforcer: one that satisfies a biological need such
as hunger, thirst, or sleep
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Secondary Reinforcer: one that has been paired with a
primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has
acquired value and the ability to reinforce.
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Chimps and poker chips!
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Money, praise, status, prestige
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Schedules of Reinforcement: 253255
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Continuous Schedule: behavior is reinforced every time it
occurs
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Partial Schedule: positive reinforcement occurs intermittently
Ratio (Number)
Interval (Time)
Fixed Schedules:
Predictable
Fixed Ratio:
reinforcement after a
fixed number of
responses
Fixed Interval:
reinforcement of first
response after a fixed
amount of time has
passed
Variable Schedules:
Unpredictable
Variable Ratio:
reinforcement after
varying number of
responses
Variable Interval:
reinforcement of first
response after varying
amounts of time
+ Aversive Control: influence behavior by
unpleasant stimuli (256-258)
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Negative Reinforcement: painful or unpleasant stimulus is
removed
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Stone in your shoe
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Escape Conditioning: remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
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Avoidance Conditioning: prevent occurrence of unpleasant stimulus
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Complaining and crying about liver!
Complaining and crying when liver is taken out of fridge!
Punishment: behavior that is punished decreases
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Unwanted side effects?
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Avoidance
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Operant or Classical?
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Operant Conditioning or Classical Conditioning?
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In groups of 3, determine if each scenario is operant or
classical conditioning. If it is operant, identify which type of
consequence was responsible for the behavior change
(positive/negative reinforcement; positive/negative
punishment). If it is classical, identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR.