Transcript Unconditioned Response, UR

David G. Myers
Exploring Psychology
Eighth Edition
Chapter 7
Learning
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Definition
Learning is a relatively permanent change in an
organism’s behavior due to experience.
What behaviors are learned?
What behaviors are not learned?
2
How Do We Learn?
We learn by association. Our minds
naturally connect events that occur in
sequence. 2000 years ago, Aristotle
suggested this law of association.
Examples: ABC Song, music on a movie,
smell of baked goods, sight of belt or
wooden spoon
3
Figure 7.1 Classical conditioning
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.2 Operant conditioning
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Classical Conditioning
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov
Sovfoto
Behaviorists John Watson.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
6
Pavlov’s Experiments
Before conditioning:
Unconditioned Stimulus, US - food
Unconditioned Response, UR - salivation .
Neutral stimulus - does nothing
7
Pavlov’s Experiments
During conditioning:
Neutral stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are
paired, resulting in salivation (UR).
After conditioning:
Neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus,
CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned
Response, CR)
8
Pavlov’s Experiments
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Neutral Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Examples: 1, 2, 3
9
We have all been classically
conditioned.
• Punishment Tools
• Food triggers illness
• Training coyotes to
not eat sheep
• Teacher getting
attention of class
• Language learning
• Bells at school
• Unconditioned
Stimulus (US)
• Unconditioned
Response (UR)
• Neutral Stimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus
(CS)
• Conditioned Response
(CR)
Terms associated with classical
conditioning
• Acquisition
• Higher Order Conditioning (Secondary
Conditioning) – Fear of dogs, fear of barking
• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Generalization – sound of a different tone, fear
of cars and all moving objects
• Discrimination – ability to distinguish
11
Figure 7.5 Idealized curve of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.6 Child abuse leaves tracks in the brain
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Applications of Classical
Conditioning
1. Former crack cocaine users should avoid
cues (people, places) associated with
previous drug use.
2. Through classical conditioning, a drug (plus
its taste) that affects the immune response
may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the
immune response.
14
Applications of Classical
Conditioning
Brown Brothers
Watson used classical
conditioning procedures to
develop advertising
campaigns for a number of
organizations, including
Maxwell House, making the
“coffee break” an American
custom.
John B. Watson
15
Operant Condition
• Make a dog salivate is on thing, what about
this…?
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
Which is Which?
Classical conditioning forms
associations between
stimuli (CS and US).
Operant conditioning, on the
other hand, forms an
association between
behaviors and the
resulting events, i.e.
punishments and
rewards
17
The Law of Effect – Rewarded
behavior is likely to recur.
• Edward L. Thorndike
B.F. Skinner
• Shaping – providing reinforces that lead to
desired behaviors.
Figure 7.10 A Skinner box
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Reinforcer – any event that
strengthens the preceding response.
• Positive reinforcement – strengthens a response by
presenting a pleasant stimulus after a response.
• Negative reinforcement – strengthens a response
by removing or reducing something undesirable or
unpleasant. Negative reinforcement is not
punishment.
Table 7.1 Ways to Increase Behavior
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.11 Intermittent reinforcement schedules
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Table 7.2 Schedules of Reinforcement
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Punishment – any consequence that decreases
the frequency of a preceding behavior.
• What is better reinforcement or
punishment?
Table 7.3 Ways to Decrease Behavior
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Examples of Operant
Conditioning
• 1, 2, 3
Table 7.4 Comparison of Classical and Operant Conditioning
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
More About Learning
•
•
•
•
Cognitive Maps
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Biological Predisposition
Applications of Operant
Condition
Learning by Observation
© Herb Terrace
Higher animals,
especially humans,
learn through observing
and imitating others.
What have you learned
by watching others?
©Herb Terrace
Imitating others is
called modeling.
28
Reprinted with permission from the American
Association for the Advancement of Science,
Subiaul et al., Science 305: 407-410 (2004)
© 2004 AAAS.
Mirror Neurons
Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in
the brains of animals and humans that are active
during observational learning.
29
Learning by observation
begins early in life. This
14-month-old child
imitates the adult on TV
in pulling a toy apart.
Meltzoff, A.N. (1998). Imitation of televised models by infants.
Child Development, 59 1221-1229. Photos Courtesy of A.N. Meltzoff and M. Hanuk.
Imitation Onset
30
Bandura's Bobo doll
study (1961) indicated
that individuals
(children) learn
through imitating
others who receive
rewards and
punishments.
Courtesy of Albert Bandura, Stanford University
Bandura's Experiments
31
Applications of Observational
Learning
Unfortunately,
Bandura’s studies
show that antisocial
models (family,
neighborhood or TV)
may have antisocial
effects.
32
Positive Observational Learning
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Fortunately, prosocial (positive, helpful) models
may have prosocial effects.
33
Gentile et al., (2004)
shows that children in
elementary school
who are exposed to
violent television,
videos, and video
games express
increased aggression.
Ron Chapple/ Taxi/ Getty Images
Television and Observational
Learning
34
Modeling Violence
Children modeling after pro wrestlers
Glassman/ The Image Works
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Research shows that viewing media violence
leads to an increased expression of aggression.
35
Figure 7.15 The famous Bobo doll experiment
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers
Figure 7.16 Media violence viewing predicts future aggressive behavior
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2011 by Worth Publishers