Transcript Behavior - Event Relationships

Behavior-Consequence Relations
The first few slides review the 4 behaviorconsequence relations that exist in Instrumental
conditioning. You will then read 10 example
scenarios describing a behavior change. For each
example identify which of the four relations is
represented. For each example you are reminded
to consider four critical pieces of information
before making a decision.
The Consequence of Responding in
Instrumental Conditioning
(The term consequence is used when there is a contingent
relationship between a behavior and an event- a consequence is an
event that is CAUSED by a behavior . )
Consequences include events that may
involve:
the presentation of a stimulus
the removal of a stimulus that is
already present
Therefore, there are …..
…. Two Types of Contingent Relationships
Between a Response and a Consequence
 Positive contingency - when a response
causes the presentation of a stimulus.
 Negative contingency - when a response
causes the removal of a stimulus that is
already present.
But remember that there are . . .
. . .Different Types of
Stimulus Events
Pleasant (desired; appetitive)
Unpleasant (undesired, aversive)
 neutral
NOTE: Some writers use the term “positive” to refer to
pleasant events and “negative” to refer to unpleasant
events. This leads to logical inconsistencies and
confusion. We will use the terms “positive” and
“negative” to describe the contingent relationships, NOT
the type of stimulus.
Two Types of Effects of BehaviorConsequence Relationships on Behavior
 Reinforcement - any contingent relationship
between a consequence and response that
causes the response to increase in
frequency.
 Punishment - any contingent relationship
between a consequence and response that
causes the response to decrease in
frequency.
Four Types of Behavior-Consequence Relationships
in Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning
Type of Stimulus
Appetitive Aversive
Positive
Contingency
(Stimulus
Added)
Negative
(Stimulus
Removed)
= behavior increases
in frequency
= behavior decreases
in frequency
PR
PP
NP
NR
1st Letter:
P = positive
N = negative
2nd Letter:
R = reinforcement
P = punishment
Behavior - Consequence
Relationships
Introduction
All of the following situations are examples of
either positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement,
positive punishment, or negative punishment. Read
each example and identify the type of behavior-event
relationship. The answer is on the next page.
Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 1
Zelda always rode her bicycle “no-handed” to show off
in front of her boyfriend. One day she was speeding down a
hill - no-handed of course - and skidded face-first into a mud
puddle. Now Zelda rides her bike with both hands. The
behavior of interest (BOI) is riding no-handed.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
?
Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 1
Zelda always rode her bicycle “no-handed” to show off
in front of her boyfriend. One day she was speeding down a
hill - no-handed of course - and skidded face-fist into a mud
puddle. New Zelda rides her bike with both hands. The
behavior of interest (BOI) is riding no-handed.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Riding noFalling
Positive Decrease Positive
handed
Punishment
Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 2
Denise was always embarrassed when she got the
hiccups during a class, so she developed a fast, sure-fire, cure.
She holds her breath, counts to fifteen, then releases her breath
as she says her name backwards. Now, whenever she has the
hiccups, Denise emits this series of behaviors (BOI).
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior - Event Relationships
Example 2
Denise was always embarrassed when she got the
hiccups during a class, so she developed a fast, sure-fire, cure.
She holds her breath, counts to fifteen, then releases her breath
as she says her name backwards. Now, whenever she has the
hiccups, Denise emits this series of behaviors (BOI).
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Series of
Hiccups
Negative Increase Negative
Behaviors
Removed
Reinforcement
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 3
One day, while in a traffic jam, Tympannia could not
hear her car radio. She rolled up her car window, thus
shutting out the traffic noises. Now, whenever she gets
caught in a traffic jam, she rolls up the window (BOI).
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 3
One day, while in a traffic jam, Tympannia could not
hear her car radio. She rolled up her car window, thus
shutting out the traffic noises. Now, whenever she gets
caught in a traffic jam, she rolls up the window (BOI).
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Rolling up Annoying
Negative Increase Negative
Window Traffic Noise
ReinforceRemoved
ment
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 4
Flossie’s mother held her hand while the dentist drilled
away. Whenever, Flossie began to cry, her mother her mother
would let go of her hand and leave the room. When she
stopped crying, her mother would return again and hold her
hand. As a result, Flossie cried less (BOI) at the dentist.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 4
Flossie’s mother held her hand while the dentist drilled
away. Whenever, Flossie began to cry, her mother her mother
would let go of her hand and leave the room. When she
stopped crying, her mother would return again and hold her
hand. As a result, Flossie cried less (BOI) at the dentist.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Crying
Mom
Negative Decrease Negative
Leaving
Punishment
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 5
Mary constantly came home late after a date. Her
father scolded her whenever this happened. After a few of
these occasions, Mary managed to make it home before
curfew. The BOI is coming home late.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 5
Mary constantly came home late after a date. Her
father scolded her whenever this happened. After a few of
these occasions, Mary managed to make it home before
curfew. The BOI is coming home late.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Coming
Being
Positive Decrease Positive
Home Late Scolded by
Punishment
Dad
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 6
Clem always left his coat and books outside the
cafeteria during lunch. One time after dining he discovered
that his coat was missing. Now Clem always locks his books
and new coat in the dorm before eating. The BOI is leaving
his belongings outside the cafeteria during meals.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 6
Clem always left his coat and books outside the
cafeteria during lunch. One time after dining he discovered
that his coat was missing. Now Clem always locks his books
and new coat in the dorm before eating. The BOI is leaving
his belongings outside the cafeteria during meals.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Leaving
Coat being
Negative Decrease Negative
Belongings
stolen
Punishment
Outside
Cafeteria
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 7
Little Tommy pointed to the donut shop as he and his mother were
passing by it. “Mommy, can we get some donuts?” he asked. She
slammed on the brakes, wheeled the car into the parking lot, and brought a
dozen delicious treats. Several days later they were again passing the
donut shop. “Mommy, can we get some donuts?” Tommy asked again.
Again his mother complied. Several weeks and twelve dozen donuts later,
Tommy was asking for the donuts daily (BOI).
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 7
Little Tommy pointed to the donut shop as he and his mother were
passing by it. “Mommy, can we get some donuts?” he asked. She
slammed on the brakes, wheeled the car into the parking lot, and brought a
dozen delicious treats. Several days later they were again passing the
donut shop. “Mommy, can we get some donuts?” Tommy asked again.
Again his mother complied. Several weeks and twelve dozen donuts later,
Tommy was asking for the donuts daily (BOI).
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Asking for
Getting
Positive
Increase Positive
Donuts
donuts
Reinforcement
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 8
Your dog’s coat was full of burrs he while romping
through the field. He cried until you removed them. Since
that fateful day, he has cried (BOI) whenever he has burrs in
his coat.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 8
Your dog’s coat was full of burrs he while romping
through the field. He cried until you removed them. Since
that fateful day, he has cried (BOI) whenever he has burrs in
his coat.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Crying
Removal of
Negative Increase Negative
Burrs
Reinforcement
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 9
William wasn’t really much of a writer. One day, for
lack of something better to do, he wrote a poem to his girl,
Ophelia. When she read it, she cried sweet tears and
whispered, “Oh, William! How beautiful!” Consequently,
William regularly turns out love poems (BOI) - and even a few
plays.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 9
William wasn’t really much of a writer. One day, for
lack of something better to do, he wrote a poem to his girl,
Ophelia. When she read it, she cried sweet tears and
whispered, “Oh, William! How beautiful!” Consequently,
William regularly turns out love poems (BOI) - and even a few
plays.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Writing
Praise from
Positive
Increase Positive
Poems
Girlfriend
Reinforcement
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 10
Fred was constantly swearing, regardless of what he was doing
or was around. One day, Foul Freddie’s wife took his ten-dollar
beer allowance from him when she heard him swear. She
continued this procedure, and consequently Fred was swearing
less and less (BOI) around her.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
?
?
?
?
Answer
?
Behavior-Event Relationships
Example 10
Fred was constantly swearing, regardless of what he was doing
or was around. One day, Foul Freddie’s wife took his ten-dollar
beer allowance from him when she heard him swear. She
continued this procedure, and consequently Fred was swearing
less and less (BOI) around her.
Behavior
Event
Behavior - Behavior Answer
of Interest Consequence
Event
Change
Contingency
Swearing
Loss of
Negative Decrease Negative
Allowance
Punishment