Transcript Fig17_2 - Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and

17_02
Low
consensus
Few people
dislike Ralph.
+
High
consistency
Dad is always
rude to Ralph.
+
Low
distinctiveness
Dad is rude to
all your friends.
Internal attribution
=
Fig17_2
Dad's rudeness is due to
something within him:
"Dad is an old grouch."
(A)
High
consensus
Most people
dislike Ralph.
+
High
consistency
Dad is always
rude to Ralph.
+
High
distinctiveness
Dad is never rude to
your other friends.
External attribution
=
Dad's rudeness is caused
by something outside
Dad: "Ralph is a jerk."
(B)
Low
consensus
Few people
dislike Ralph.
Low
consistency
+
Dad is usually
nice to Ralph.
High
distinctiveness
+
Dad is never rude
to your other
friends.
(C)
External attribution
=
Dad's rudeness is caused
by something outside
Dad: "Ralph must have
done something wrong."
49
MARTY
SELIGMAN
Fig132
Good
events
Internal
Permanent
Global
External
Temporary
Specific
Bad
events
External
Temporary
Specific
Internal
Permanent
Global
Optimists
Pessimists
SOME BIASES IN SOCIAL PERCEPTION
Bias
Description
InRev17a
Importance of first
impression
Ambiguous information is interpreted in line with a first
impression, and the initial schema is recalled better and more
vividly than any later correction to it. Actions based on this
impression may elicit behavior that confirms it.
Fundamental
attribution error
The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal
factors.
Actor-observer
bias
The tendency for actors to attribute their own behavior to
external causes and for observers to attribute the behavior of
others to internal factors.
Self-serving bias
The tendency to attribute one’s successes to internal factors
and one’s failures to external factors.
Unrealistic
optimism
The tendency to assume that positive events are more likely,
and negative events are less likely, to occur to oneself than to
others.
17_04
Fig17_4
CENTRAL ROUTE
High elaboration
Careful processing
of information
Degree of attitude change
depends on quality of
arguments
Careful processing
does not occur
Attitude change depends
on presence of persuasion
cues
Persuasive message
PERIPHERAL ROUTE
Low elaboration
17_05
LOW INVOLVEMENT
HIGH INVOLVEMENT
+0.6
+0.6
+0.4
+0.4
+0.2
+0.2
Agreement 0
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
Low
High
Expertise of communicator
Strong arguments
Weak arguments
Low
High
Expertise of communicator
17_06
Favorable
12
11
Fig17_6
10
Attitude
toward
the
task
9
8
7
Unfavorable
$20.00
$1.00
Experimental condition
High justification (low dissonance)
Low justification (high dissonance)
FORMING AND CHANGING ATTITUDES
Type of Influence
Description
Modeling and
conditioning
Attitudes are usually formed through observation of how others
behave and speak about an attitude object, as well as through
classical and operant conditioning.
Elaboration
likelihood model
People change attitudes through either a central or peripheral
route, depending on factors such as personal involvement,
“cognitive busyness,” and personality characteristics.
Cognitive
dissonance and
self-perception
Inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors can produce
attitude change, as can reviewing one’s behavior in light of
circumstances.
InRev17b
17_07
12
Fig17_7
11
10
9
Attraction
8
7
6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Proportion of similar attitudes
0.6
0.7
0.8
17_09
STERNBERG”
S
TRIANGULAR
THEORY OF
Liking =
Intimacy Alone
(friendship without passion
or long-term commitment)
Fig17_10
INTIMACY
LOVE
Romantic Love =
Companionate
Intimacy + Passion
Love = Intimacy
(lovers physically
+ Commitment
and emotionally
(long-term committed
attracted to each
friendship such
other but without
as a marriage in
Consummate Love =
commitment, as in
which the passion
Intimacy + Passion
a summer romance)
has faded)
+ Commitment
(a complete love
consisting of all three
CO
components  an
MM
N
ITM
O
I
ideal
difficult
to
attain)
S
ENT
S
PA
Infatuation =
Empty Love =
Passion Alone
Commitment Alone
(passionate, obsessive
(decision to love
Fatuous Love =
love at first sight
another without
Passion + Commitment
without intimacy
intimacy or passion)
(commitment based on passion but without
or commitment)
time for intimacy to develop  shallow
relationship such as a whirlwind courtship)
33
Female reproductive strategies
Females can produce
a limited number of
children over a
time span
Fig101
Females seek males
with resources for
protecting them and
their offspring
Females evaluate
males on such dimensions as earning
capacity, ambition,
status, and possessions
Females attracted by
love acts that display
a male's resources
Male reproductive strategies
Males can conceive
children from
puberty until death
Males seek females
capable of
reproducing
Males evaluate
females on the
basis of youth,
health, and beauty
Males attracted by
love acts that
signal a female's
reproductive
capability
LINKAGES
to
Social Cognition
CONSCIOUSNESS
Can we ever be
unbiased about
anyone? (p. 625)
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Do children perceive
others as adults do?
(p. 432)
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Can negative selfimage lead to mental
disorders? (p. 606)