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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 1
History, Theory, and
Research Strategies
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Developmental Science
The study of constancy
and change throughout
the lifespan
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
The Field of
Developmental Science
Scientific
Applied
Interdisciplinary
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Basic Issues
in Development
Continuous or discontinuous?
One course of development or many?
Relative influence of nature and
nurture?
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Basic Issues
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature
Hereditary
information
Received from
parents at
conception
Nurture
Physical and
social forces
Influences
biological and
psychological
development
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Stability and Plasticity
Stability
Plasticity
Persistence of
Development is
individual
open to lifelong
differences
change
Lifelong patterns Change occurs
established by
based on influential
early experiences
experiences
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Lifespan Perspective
Development is
lifelong
multidimensional and
multidirectional
highly plastic
influenced by multiple,
interacting forces
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Periods of Development
Prenatal
Conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood
Birth–2 years
Early childhood
2–6 years
Middle childhood
6–11 years
Adolescence
11–18 years
Early adulthood
18–40 years
Middle adulthood
40–65 years
Late adulthood
65 years–death
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Major Domains
of Development
Figure 1.2
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Influences on Development
Multiple, interacting forces:
Age-graded
History-graded
Nonnormative
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Resilience
Ability to adapt effectively
in the face of threats to
development
Factors in resilience:
personal characteristics
warm parental relationship
social support outside family
community resources and
opportunities
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Lifespan View of
Development
Figure 1.3
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Scientific Beginnings
Darwin
Theory of
evolution
Hall, Gesell
Normative
approach
Binet
Mental testing
movement
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud and Erikson
Emphasis on
individual’s unique
life history
Conflicts between
biological drives and
social expectations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Freud’s Three Parts
of the Personality
Id
Ego
Largest portion of the mind
Source of biological needs/desires
Conscious, rational part of personality
Emerges in early infancy
Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways
The conscience
Superego Develops from ages 3 to 6 through
interactions with caregivers
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s
Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Birth–1 year
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
1–3 years
Initiative vs. guilt
3–6 years
Industry vs. inferiority
6–11 years
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation
Early adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation
Middle adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Late adulthood
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Behaviorism and
Social Learning Theory
Classical
conditioning
Stimulus–response
Operant
conditioning
Reinforcers and
punishments
Social learning
theory
Social-cognitive
approach
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Behaviorism and
Social Learning Theory
Contributions:
behavior modification
modeling, observational learning
Limitations:
narrow view of environmental influences
underestimates individual’s active role
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s CognitiveDevelopmental Theory
Children actively construct knowledge by
manipulating and exploring their world.
Mental structures adapt to better fit with
environment.
Development moves through four broad
stages.
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s Stages
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Information Processing
View of the human mind as a
symbol-manipulating system
Development as a continuous
process
Use of rigorous research methods
Little insight into creativity or
imagination
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Developmental Cognitive
Neuroscience
Relationship of brain changes to cognitive
processing and behavior patterns
Brings together researchers from
psychology
biology
neuroscience
medicine
Practical applications
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ethology
Adaptive value and
evolutionary history
of behavior
Acquisition of
adaptive behaviors:
critical period
sensitive period
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Evolutionary Developmental
Psychology
Adaptive value of
cognitive
emotional
social
competencies as they change with age
Person–environment system throughout
the lifespan
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural Theory
Transmission to the next
generation of a culture’s
values
beliefs
customs
skills
Cooperative dialogues
between children and more
expert members of society
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ecological Systems Theory
Figure 1.5
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ecological Systems Theory
Layers of the
environment:
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microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
Chronosystem:
temporal dimension
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Common Research Methods
Systematic observation:
Naturalistic observation
Structured observation
Self-reports:
Clinical interview
Structured interview, questionnaires,
tests
Clinical, or case study, method
Ethnography
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Systematic Observation
Naturalistic
Observation
Structured
Observation
Observation of
behavior in natural
contexts
Reflects participants’
everyday lives
Observation of
behavior in laboratory
Gives all participants
opportunity to display
behavior
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Self-Reports
Clinical
Interview
Structured
Interview
Conversational style
Probes for
participant’s
viewpoint
Provides large amount
of information in brief
period
All participants are
asked the same
questions in the
same way
Permits comparisons
and efficient data
collection
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Clinical/Case Study Method
Full picture of individual’s
psychological functioning
Combines information from
interviews
observations
test scores
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ethnography
Participant observation
of culture or social group
Rich, descriptive insights
Does not permit
generalization from
findings
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
General Research Designs
Correlational
Experimental
Reveals relationships
between participants’
characteristics and
behavior
Does not permit
cause-and-effect
inferences
Participants randomly
assigned to treatment
conditions
Detects cause-andeffect relationships
Findings may not
apply in real-world
conditions
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Experimental Design
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
Manipulated by
experimenter
Expected to cause
changes in another
variable
Measured, but not
manipulated, by
experimenter
Expected to be
influenced by
independent variable
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Random Assignment
Unbiased procedure used to assign
participants to treatment conditions
Increases chances that characteristics will be
equally distributed across conditions
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Modified Experiments
Field Experiment
Conducted in
natural settings
Capitalizes on
existing
opportunities
for random
assignment
Natural/QuasiExperiment
Compares existing
differences in
treatment
Participant groups
matched as much
as possible
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Developmental
Research Designs
Longitudinal
Same group studied
at different times
Cross-sectional
Different groups studied
at the same time
Sequential
Compares similar
cross-sectional or longitudinal
studies (sequences)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Rights of Research
Participants
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Knowledge of results
Beneficial treatments
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