Transcript IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN PSYCHOLOGY

Kaley Schur
Charles Darwin
(History of Psychology)
 Theory of natural
selection influences
the modern
evolutionary
perspective
William Wundt
(History of Psychology)
 First psych research
laboratory in
GERMANY; pioneered
the term introspection;
where subjects reported
what was happening to
them
William James
(History of Psychology)
 Prominent in
establishing psychology
in the US. He
emphasized studying the
purpose or function of
behavior and mental
processes
G Stanley Hall
(History of Psychology)
 First psych research
laboratory in the US;
first president of the
American
Psychological
Association (APA);
taught by William James
Mary Whiton Calkins
(History of Psychology)
 Taught by William James
as well; Denied a Ph.D at
Harvard due to sexism;
established a psych lab at
Wellesley and served as
first female president
of the APA
Margaret Floy Washburn
(History of Psychology)
 First American woman
to get a Ph.D in
psychology; best known
for her experimental
work in animal behavior
Sigmund Freud
(History of Psychology)
 Founded the
psychoanalytic school of
thought and developed the
theory of defense
mechanisms, particularly
repression; believed
childhood experiences
influence adult
personality; believed
dreams provided a
particular important
insight into unconscious
motives
John B. Watson
(History of Psychology)
 Behaviorist who believed
the only thing worth is
observable behavior.
Paul Broca
(Biological Bases of Behavior)
 Discovered speech
production is located in
the lower left frontal
lobe; coined Broca’s
area which
revolutionized the
understanding of speech
production
Carl Wernicke
(Biological Bases of Behavior)
 Discovered that damage
to the left temporal lobe
caused deficits in
language
comprehension; coined
Wernike’s area
Roger Sperry
(Biological Bases of Behavior)
 Best known for work on
split brain patients;
particularly that the
right and left
hemisphere have
specialized functions
Michael Gazzaniga
(Biological Bases of Behavior)
 Continued Sperry’s work
on split brain patients
Ernst Weber
(Sensation and Perception)
 Discovered just
noticeable difference
and Weber’s law
Gustav Fechner
(Sensation and Perception)
 Demonstrated that
mental processes can be
quantified
David Hubel
(Sensation and Perception)
 Discovered feature
detectors- specialized
neurons in the occipital
lobe that have the ability
to respond to specific
features of an image
Torton Wiesel
(Sensation and Perception)
 Teamed with Hubel to
expand the knowledge of
sensory processing
and perception
Ernest Hilgard
(States of Consciousness)
 Renowned for his
research on hypnosis
and pain control, created
the term
disassociation when it
came to hypnosis
Ivan Pavlov
(Learning)
 Originally studied
digestion and is famous
for his pioneering work
on classical
conditioning
John Garcia
(Learning)
 Famous for pioneering
work on taste aversion;
his perspective supports
the evolutionary
perspective that being
biologically prepared to
quickly associate nausea
with food or drink is
adaptive
Robert Rescorla
(Learning)
 Research indicated that
the CS must be a
reliable signal that
predicts of the UCS;
furthered Pavlov’s
research
Edward Thorndike
(Learning)
 Conducted the first
systematic investigation
of animal behavior and
coined the term “law of
effect” which simply
stated that satisfying
behaviors are more likely
to be repeated and vice
versa
BF Skinner
(Learning)
 Like Watson, believed in
observable behavior and
came up with Operant
Conditioning
Edward Tolman
(Learning)
 Known for his work on
cognitive maps and
mental
representations;
realized learning is more
complex than Skinner
believed
Wolfgang Kohler
(Learning)
 Studies included a
Chimp named Sultan
who had a banana
outside of cage and a
stick inside, realized that
animal gains insight;
and realized that that is
the “aha moment”
Albert Bandura
(Learning)
 Famous bobo doll
experiment; monkey seemonkey do; father of
observation learning
George A. Miller
(Cognition)
 Magical 7 plus or
minus 2 in STM
(Working Memory)
Herman Ebinghaus
(Cognition)
 Father or memory
research, known for the
forgetting curve
Elizabeth Loftus
(Cognition)
 Known for
misinformation effect;
key in noting the
weakness in eye witness
testimony
Noam Chomsky
(Cognition)
 Renowned linguist that
noted that children have
an innate capacity to
learn and produce
speech; coined the term
language acquisition
device
Abraham Maslow
(Motivation and Emotion)
 Humanist who is known
for his hierarchy of
needs; believed highest
level is “self
actualization”
Stanley Schacter
(Motivation and Emotion)
 Known for the two-
factor theory of
emotion; where
emotion depends of
physical arousal and
then cognitively labeling
that arousal
Hans Selye
(Motivation and Emotion)
 Studied stress and
coined “general
adaption syndrome”
(alarm reaction;
resistance, exhaustion)
Alfred Kinsey
(Motivation and Emotion)
 Pioneering researcher on
human sexuality
Mary Ainsworth
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Did research on the
“strange situation”
(relationship between
infant and mothers) and
came up with the terms
secure and insecure
attachment
Harry Harlow
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Famous for experiment
on rhesus monkeys and
found that touch plays a
key role in developing
healthy physical growth
and normal socialization
Konrad Lorenz
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Studying animals and is
known for his study on
imprinting which is defined
as learning occurring at a
particular age or a particular
life stage) that is rapid and
apparently independent of
the consequences of behavior.
It was first used to describe
situations in which an animal
or person learns the
characteristics of some
stimulus, which is therefore
said to be "imprinted" onto
the subject.
Jean Piaget
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Focused on cognitive
development differs
throughout infancy,
childhood, and
adolescence to
understand the world
(Small People Can’t
Fight)
Lev Vygotsky
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Famous for his belief
that children learn their
cultures habits of mind
through a process called
internalization or
inner speech
Diana Baumrind
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Known for her work on
parenting styles
(permissive;
authoritative;
authoritarian)
Erik Erikson
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Coined the term
psychosocial stages of
development and was
interested in how
adolescence go through
role confusion to form
identity
Lawrence Kohlberg
(Developmental Psychologists)
 Used hypothetical
moral dilemmas to
study moral reasoning
(Pre conventionalConventional- Post
Conventional
Alfred Adler
(Personality)
 Best known for
critiquing Kohlberg’s
theory since all
participant were maleargued woman tend to
focus on caring and
compassion- tend and
befriend
Carl Jung
(Personality)
 Neo- Freudian; who
pioneered the use of
psychiatry in both social
work and early
childhood educationurged patients to
through words such as
self-determination
and courage to alter
their interpretations
of life events
Carl Rogers
(Personality)
 Neo Freudian who
developed the concept of
the collective
unconscious; believed
that the collective
unconscious includes
shared human
experiences that are
embodied in myths and
cultural archetypes
Paul Costa & Robert McCrea
(Personality)
 Went against Freud’s
pessimistic view of
human nature and
believed people are
innately good and are
motivated to achieve
their full potential or
self actualize
Francis Galton
(Testing and Individual Differences)
 Came up with the Five
Factor Model of
Personality (CANOE)
Conscientiousness;
Agreeableness;
Neuroticism,
Extroversion, and
Openness
Charles Spearman
(Testing and Individual Differences)
 Proposed that
intelligence is a single,
underlying factor, which
he coined general
intelligence of the g
factor
Robert Sternberg
(Testing and Individual Differences)
 Known for the triachic
model that
distinguishes analytic,
practical, and creative
intelligences
Howard Gardner
(Testing and Individual Differences)
 Disagreed with
Spearman, and proposed
multiple intelligences
that include linguistic,
logic-mathematical,
musical, spatial, bodily
kinesthetic, naturalist,
interpersonal, and
intrapersonal.
Alfred Binet
(Testing and Individual Differences)
 Invented first usable
intelligence test that
noted the distinction
between a child’s mental
and chronological ages
Lewis Terman
(Testing and Individual Differences)
 Best known as the
inventor of the
Stanford- Binet IQ
test; simply divided
mental age by
chronological age and
multiplied by a 100
David Wechsler
(Testing and Individual Differences)
 Instead of Terman’s
approach, Wechsler
determined how far a
person’s score deviates
from a bell shaped
normal distribution of
scores. Most intelligence
tests use this system
Dorothea Dix
(Treatment of Abnormal Behavior)
 Reformer who
documented how poor
and deplorable
conditions were for the
insane poor. Helped
persuade state
legislatures to create the
first generation of
American mental
hospitals.
Albert Ellis
(Treatment of Abnormal Behavior)
 Known for rational-
emotive therapy where
he helped his client’s
dispute irrational beliefs
and replace them with
rational interpretations
of events.
Aaron Beck
(Treatment of Abnormal Behavior)
 Father of cognitive
therapy- his theories are
used to treat clinical
depression
Mary Cover Jones
(Treatment of Abnormal Behavior)
 Conducted pioneering
research in applying
behavioral techniques to
therapy “known as the
mother of behavior
therapy”
Joseph Wolpe
(Treatment of Abnormal Behavior)
 Furthered Jone’s work by
inventing systematic
desensitization- where
he taught his patients to
relax deeply and he then
created situations that
would cause anxiety by
working with minor ones
and then with more top
level anxiety producing
situations.
Leon Festinger
(Social Psychology)
 Best known for his work
on cognitive
dissonance- realized
most people change
attitude when their
attitudes and actions are
inconsistent
Philip Zimbardo
(Social Psychology)
 Known for the Stanford
Prison study- showed
the power of
deindividuation
Solomon Asch
(Social Psychology)
 Known for line
experiment that
showed the powers of
normative social
influence
Stanley Milgram
(Social Psychology)
 Famous for “shock
study” that showed that
humans tend to be very
obedient to authority