Transcript Unicorn 15-APY Review (2015 website exam)

2015 AP
Psychology test
breakdown
#1 E
Object Permanence :
– The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
– Kids need to know that their mother will disappear and return in order to have
anxiety when the mother is away (Myers, 419)
#2: D
Authoritarian
– high demands and low responsiveness
– have very high expectations of their children
– very little in the way of feedback and nurturance, if provided it is negative
– Yelling and corporal punishment
#3 D
Zimbardo’s Prison Study
– Role identification can cause individuals to act with less
morality as they lose their individualism
– Stanford
http://www.prisonexp.org/the-story/
#4 A
Internal Attribution
– people think that an event or a person’s behavior is a result of personal factors
such as traits, abilities, or feelings. (Myers, 644-645)
– Think:
#5 B
Validity
Reliability
– Extent to which a test
yields consistent results,
as assessed by the
consistency, of scores on
two halves of the test, or
on retesting (Myers, 538)
– Extent to which a test
measures or predicts
what it is supposed to
(Myers, 538)
http://slideplayer.com/slide/2440775/
#6 D
Standard Deviation
– measure of how spread out numbers are
– Low = close to mean
– High = data spread out
– All relating to the MEAN
http://www.mathsisfun.com/data/standard-deviation.html
#7 A
Cognitive Psychology: Study of all the mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication (Myers, 10)
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology
#8 E
– Broca’s area – production of speech think (boca) (left side of
the frontal lobe).
– Think boca = broca
– Wernicke’s area deals with comprehension of language.
(temporal lobe of left hemisphere)
#9 B
http://sites.psu.edu/psych256sp15/2015/01/31/gestalt-art/
#10 D
– Aversive conditioning: negative (aversive) response for a positive
response to a harmful stimulus (alcohol) (Myers, 613)
– Form of behavioral therapy
http://www.psychologynoteshq.com/aversiontherapy/
#11 A
1/1 X 100 = 100
http://psychtutor.weebly.com/intelligence-and-education.html
#12 C
Foot-in-the-door -> The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to
comply later with a larger request (Myers, 647)
http://vinh.co/foot-in-the-door-start-small-for-big-results/
#13 E
1. Proximity
2. Physical attractiveness (mere exposure -> familiarity breeds
fondness)
3. Similarity
Myers, 678-680
#14 B
– Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
(Myers, 123)
– Example: “People who live by busy roads typically don't even
notice that there is the sound of constant traffic outside their
window, but if someone comes to visit from a more rural area with
less traffic, he or she will most likely find the constant sound of
traffic irritating.”
“http://study.com/academy/lesson/sensory-adaptation-definitionexamples-quiz.html”
#15 D
Stabilize in middle adulthood
http://www.mypersonalitymanual.com/personality-traits.html
http://www.deborahcolleenrose.com/profiles
#16 D
– http://www.memrise.com/mem/2340607/sections-of-hypothalamus/
#17 D
http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=1dq-dependent-vs-independent-variable
http://www.bristol.k12.ct.us/page.cfm?p=10237
#18 B
http://andrewpover.co.uk/psychology/ocr-psychology-as-ethics/
# 19 A
Generalization: tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli
similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar Reponses
https://caminao.wordpress.com/specialization/
#20 B
William Wundt ->
– Psychology’s first experiment
– Focused on conscious experience (Myers, 4)
http://america.pink/wilhelm-wundt_4787622.html
http://www.unique-design.net/library/word/consciousness.html
#21 E
– Habituation -> decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants
gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes
and they look away (Myer, 216)
http://www.toondoo.com/cartoon/5281480
#22 A
– Algorithm -> a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a
particular problem. Contrast with the usually speedier but also more errorprone – use of heuristics
http://www.akashiclabs.com/why-algorithm-transparency-is-vital-to-the-future-of-thinking/
#23 C
Projective test -> a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli
designed to trigger project of one’s inner dynamics
– Examples:
– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):
– Rorschach Inkblot Test:
#24 B
http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-06-neuronal-regeneration-two-part-nerves.html
#25 D
– Antidepressants
– Most increase the availability of norepinephrine
or serotonin.
– Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft are known as SSRI’s
(selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors). They
block serotonin reuptake.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwji_
p2YqJ3MAhXB5yYKHbwfDD4QjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbrutereason.net%2F2011%2F11%2F24%2F
antidepressants-and-strength-of-character%2F&psig=AFQjCNGnytkBXdB7Oq8XO0RqkZ1iy7r-Jg&ust=1461245043871052
#26 D
– Biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients
in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an
anesthetized patient causing a mild seizure.
– Usually produces temporary memory loss.
– But has been very effective of temporarily ridding people of suicidal
thoughts.
– Changes in brain chemistry which will reverse symptoms
http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-biomedical-illustration-showing-the-mechanics-of-serotonin-drugs-84047531.html
#27 B
– Conformity-> adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide
with a group standard (Myers, 651)
http://despair.com/products/conformity
#28 A
“…any particular bystander was
less likely to give aid with other
bystanders present. When
along with the person in need,
40% helped; in the presence of
give other bystanders, only 20%
helped” (Myers, 686)
http://postcogtopics.blogspot.com/2013/04/bystander-effect.html
#29 E
– Rods and cones
– Bipolar Cells
– Ganglion cells
– Optic Nerve
Really Cool Babies Giggle
Obnoxiously
http://www.arhcm.org/?page_id=711
#30 B
– Autonomic arousal:
breathing, cardiovascular
changes, and
perspiration (Myers,
372)
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.kreci.liedetector
#31 B
– Responsive mothers (know that
their baby is doing and responds
correctly) showed babies that are
securely attached
– Unresponsive mothers (ignoring
their babies needs) showed babies
that are insecurely attached
– (Myers, 428)
http://www.feministvoices.com/mary-ainsworth/
#32 E
Marital
relationship will get
better when the
children all leave
the house
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j &q=&esr c=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&v ed=0ahUKEwiI q4zzqp3MAhV JOCYKH ey4AU wQjRwI Bw&url =http% 3A%2F %2Ffemmephar ma.com%2F20 14%2F 08%2F2 6%2Fe mpty-ne st-lear n-love% 2F&bv m=bv.11 974549 2,d.eW E&psig =AFQjCNFxbq7 bSNJwn4z6C8P WuZshOZX4-A &ust=14 612457 875969 43
http://www.patheos.com/blogs/lovejoyfeminism/2016/03/causation-correlation-and-marriage.html
#33 C
#34 A
Inability to speak and
tingling on the right side =
abnormality in the brain
tissue of the left
hemisphere
http://time.com/2860630/mri-scans-can-detect-early-onset-of-parkinsons-study-finds/
#35 D
Drive Reduction Theory -> the idea that a physiological need creates an
aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the
need (Myers, 329)
http://theneuron.wikifoundry.com/page/Instincts+and+Evolutionary+Psychology+%26+Drives+and+Incentives+sunnahb%26susiey
#36 B
Shaping -> an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide
behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior
(Myers, 229)
http://epltt.coe.uga.edu/index.php?title=Behaviorism
#37 A
Cognitive Dissonance -> we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when
two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent (Myers, 648)
Example:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/cognitive-dissonance-in-psychology-theory-examples-definition.html
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/examples-and-practical-applications-of-cognitive-dissonance.html
#38 D
Opponent-processing:
opposing retinal
Process enable color
vision
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5750608/
#39 B
Standardization -> defining meaningful scores by comparison
with the performance of a retested group (myers, 536)
1) Give test to a representative sample of people
2) People that are given the test, in the same manner, their scores
are comparing with the representative sample of people
You have to be able to compare the two in order for answers to be
significant
http://www.123rf.com/photo_16633220_abstract-word-cloud-for-standardization-with-related-tags-and-terms.html
#40 D
– People who respond to
suggestibility awhile awake
are more likely to be
hypnotic suggestions
– The person needs to have a
vivid imagination (Myers,
193)
#41 A
– Phobia -> persistent, irrational
fear and avoidance of a SPECIFIC
OBJECT (Myers, 571)
– GAD –> a person is CONTINUALLY
tense, apprehensive, and in a state
of autonomic nervous system
arousal (Myers, 570)
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-449076/How-I-overcame-fish-phobia.html
http://www.slideshare.net/wuznaharoon/anxiety-disorder-symptoms-diagnostic-criteria-n-treatment
#42 C
– “Reticular Formation -> a nerve network in the
brain stem that plays an important role in
controlling arousal
– Spinal cord’s sensory input travels through the
reticular formation, which filters incoming stimuli
and relays important to other areas of the brain
– Damaging this can cause a coma as there is no
arousal without the reticular formation” (Myers,
70)
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/limbic-system--reticular-formation/deck/10850276
#43 B
– Inductive reasoning ->
a
logical process in which multiple
premises, all believed true or found
true most of the time, are
combined to obtain a specific
conclusion
(http://whatis.techtarget.com/defi
nition/inductive-reasoning)
http://folksonomy.co/?permalink=1806
#44 A
FAS -> physical and cognitive
abnormalities in children caused by a
pregnant woman’s HEAVY DRINKING
(Myers, 413)
– Drinking effects the genes, making it a
environmental influence
http://www.slideshare.net/kajani1991/fetal-alcohol-syndrome-20558010
#45 B
– Introspection -> ”observation
or examination of one's own mental
and emotional state, mental
processes, etc.
– the act of looking within oneself. “
– http://www.dictionary.com/browse
/introspection
http://epicinspirationalquotes.com/tag/introspection/
#46 D
https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/learned-animal-behavior-977/conditioned-behavior-945-12204/
Treatment = conditioned stimulus
https://teacherlibrariansassociation.wordpress.com/category/behavioral-theories/
#47 A
– “His use of deception and stress causes
people to debate if the studies was ethical.
– Milgram countered that after the study he
informed all the participants what happened
and almost NONE regretted being apart of
the experiment “
http://blog.eternalvigilance.me/2012/06/lifes-a-stanley-milgram-experiment-part1/
#48 A
http://cables-shops.com/adapter/general-adaptation-syndrome-186.html
#49 B
– Bandura
– one's belief in his/her ability to
succeed in specific situations
or accomplish a task
– “Sense of self”
http://www.slideshare.net/samuimassage/writing-selfefficacy-of-thai-efl-students
#50 B
– Monocular cue in depth perception
– we view objects that are closer to us as moving
faster
http://study.com/academy/lesson/motion-parallax-in-psychology-definition-lessonquiz.html
http://psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/monocular+cues
#51 B
Fundamental attribution error -> the
tendency for observers, when analyzing
another’s behavior, to underestimated the
impact of the situation and to overestimate the
impact of personal deposition (Myers, 644)
A teacher wants to explain poor grades in her
class by blaming students for not doing what
they are supposed to be doing
https://in.pinterest.com/explore/fundamental-attribution-error/
#52 C
Fluid intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence
– Ability to reason speedily and
abstractly
– Accumulated knowledge and
verbal skills
– think and reason abstractly and
solve problems.
– Increases with age
– Decreases with age
– based upon facts and rooted in
experiences
– solving puzzles and coming up with
problem-solving strategies are
examples
– we age and accumulate new
knowledge and understanding
http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/a/fluid-crystal.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iy96H0BeM2g
#53 C
– Systematic desensitization -> a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant related state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
– Most common for treating phobias
– Gradually facing your anxiety-provoking stimuli while relaxing (Myers, 612)
http://www.simplypsychology.org/Systematic-Desensitisation.html
#54 E
– ““24 children (12 boys and 12 girls) watched a male or female model behaving
aggressively towards a toy called a 'Bobo doll'. The adults attacked the Bobo doll in a
distinctive manner - they used a hammer in some cases, and in others threw the doll
in the air and shouted "Pow, Boom".
– Another 24 children (12 boys and 12 girls) were exposed to a non-aggressive model
who played in a quiet and subdued manner for 10 minutes (playing with a tinker toy
set and ignoring the bobo-doll).
– The final 24 children (12 boys and 12 girls) were used as a control group and not
exposed to any model at all” “
McLeod, S. A. (2014). Bobo Doll Experiment. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html
#55 C
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00107/full
#56 E
Amygdala = fear
http://www.cns.nyu.edu/home/ledoux/
http://www.slideshare.net/kristipaterno/myers10e-lsch021
#57 A
Regression -> individual;
faces with anxiety retreats to a
more infantile psychosexual stage
(Myers, 483)
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/explanation-of-regression-in-psychology.html
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/141722719500783479/
#58 C
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwid_5qcr53MAhWISiYKHSrfAuEQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fsteveppowers%2Fpsych11-bloa-localisation-of-brain-function-exterior-structure&psig=AFQjCNFIP-_cV6ESdtXYceeARMErJauCSQ&ust=1461246891582995
#59 C
Bipolar-> brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood,
energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
– moods range from periods of extremely “up,” elated, and
energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very sad,
“down,” or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes).
“https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolardisorder/index.shtml”
#60 B
Aggression = testosterone
http://bio3520.nicerweb.com/Locked/chap/ch03/testosterone.html
#61 D
Encoding failure can prevent
information from entering long-term
memory, and thus the information never
being stored to be able to be retrieved
at a later date.
http://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educatio
nal-learning/learning/memory/forgetting/
http://www.slideshare.net/yohnikisanteeno/memory-44873057
#62 D
Functional fixedness > the tendency to think of
things only in terms of
their usual functions
which can affect problem
solving (Myers, 303)
http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2011/09/creativity-and-there-i-fixed-it-site/
#63 A
– Cognitive therapy model of
treatment -> a solution-focused
approach focusing on solving
problems and learning skills
– “Therapists help clients overcome
their difficulties by changing their
thinking, behavior, and emotional
responses.”
https://www.beckinstitute.org/getinformed/what-is-cognitive-therapy/
– Cognitive distortions->
– “convinces us of something that isn't
really true.
– These inaccurate thoughts are usually
used to reinforce negative thinking or
emotions — telling ourselves things that
sound rational and accurate, but really
only serve to keep us feeling bad about
ourselves.”
http://psychcentral.com/lib/15-common-cognitivedistortions/
#64 B
IQ scores increased from
one generation to the next
for all of the countries for
which data existed (Flynn,
1994).
http://www.intelltheory.com/flynneffect.shtml
#65 E
Cocaine stops the reuptake of Dopamine
http://ibogaine.mindvox.com/media/seeking-ways-crack-cocaine-addiction/
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/how-does-cocaine-produce-its-effects
#66 D
Social loafing -> people in a
group to exert less effort
when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal
than when individually accountable (Myers, 658)
http://www.spring.org.uk/2009/05/social-loafing-whengroups-are-bad-for-productivity.php
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRA6oKDwEhg
#67 D
Humanistic
psychology: emphasized
the growth potential of
healthy people and the
individual’s potential for
personal growth
http://www.mrdowling.com/603-maslow.html
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjXvK7kk53MAhUESCYKHf2eBg4QjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Falexandersvitych.com%2F2015%2F01%2F30%2Fabraham-maslow-and-self-actualization%2F&psig=AFQjCNFMEruJ41bI3fjvIj-D6US37FHXXQ&ust=1461239508198739
#68 E
https://memegenerator.net/instance/67732856
http://www.bisnisair.com/tag/hippocampus/
https://www.viralglobalnews.com/2014/05/29/darpa-brain-implants-treat-ptsd-memory-loss/
#69 A
Sample Bias -> “When some
members of your survey population are
less likely to be invited to be surveyed
than others.”
http://help.surveygizmo.com/help/article/link/survey-bias
#70 A
– If the mice cannot encode
information, such as a way out of a
maze, then they cannot be
expected to complete the same
action again correctly (the maze).
– It would be a new learning
experience every time they went
through the maze.
http://www.novasuecia.se/mice/theme.html
#71 D
Serial Position Effect -> tendency to recall best the last and first items in a
list (Myers, 260)
http://finalmile.in/behaviourarchitecture/first-impressions-last
https://blog.kissmetrics.com/common-website-navigation-mistakes/
#72 D
Psychological disorders
have to cause distress
and effect a person’s
every day life
http://www.slideshare.net/KRyder/wt-4e-chap-11-disorders
#73 D
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ah
UKEwiYkL-4n53MAhWJ7CYKHf4dAgUQjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2Faskabiologist.asu.edu%2Fpartsnervous-system&psig=AFQjCNE6zCGKuHvtKO_eMof0bwXjj7Zy1g&ust=1461242681302332
#74 D
The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and
lowest values in the set.
:http://www.mathgoodies.com/lessons/vol8/range.html
4, 6, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19
19-4 = 15
#75 C
Median is the "middle" of a sorted list of numbers.
4, 6, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19
9+10 = 19
19 divided by 2 = 9.5
http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/mathdictionary/M/median.php
#76 D
– Cognitive psychologist focus on mental
processes such as thinking, knowing,
remembering, and communicating
(Myers, 10)
– If PTSD is from irrational beliefs and
ideas then it is the cognitive form of
psychology
https://www.emaze.com/@AITFQITR/PTSD
# 77 D
Developed by Carl Rogers.
– Therapist should use
– 1) genuineness
– 2) acceptance
– 3) empathy
to show unconditional positive
regard towards their clients.
– Most widely used Humanistic
technique.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/client-centered-therapy-by-rogers-techniques-definition-quiz.html
# 78 B
Self-Serving Bias -> “attribute
one's successes to personal
characteristics, and one's failures to
factors beyond one's control.”
http://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia
/self-serving-bias/
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/understanding-self-serving-bias-with-examples.html
http://psychoholicworld.tumblr.com/
#79 A
Evolutionary psychologist would
believe that he had a bad
reaction because the substance
could be poisonous which
would come from evolution of
humans.
http://www.123rf.com/photo_16603350_abstract-word-cloud-for-evolutionary-psychology-with-related-tags-and-terms.html
#80 A
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5250775/
http://www.slideshare.net/kimappel/psy-150-403-chapter-6-slides-26198849
#81 A
Reliability -> the extent wo which a test yields consistent results, as assessed
by the CONSISTENCY of SCORES on two halves of the test, or on retesting (Myers,
538)
http://korbedpsych.com/R09cReliability.html
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-concepts-of-reliability-and-validity-explained-with-examples.html
#82 D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVbK3qc5WQM
#83 A
– Availability heuristic ->
estimating the likelihood of events
based on their availability in
memory
– If instances readily to mind, we
presume such events are common
(Myers, 305)
http://www.psych2go.net/availability-heuristic-recall-ability-affects-perception/
#84 A
You have to take your attention
away from one task and focus
on another. This means you
can miss key points from each
task you are trying to complete
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiNscuhyZ3MAhVDTCYKHWo4BfcQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investmentconversations.com%2F%3Fp%3D2007&psig=AFQjCNGY8TtcFzEMmJQETDMEvwvCa30MlQ&ust=1461253935940718
#85 D
http://career.iresearchnet.com/career-development/locus-of-control/
http://www.debtdiscipline.com/locus-of-control/
#86 A
Intrinsically motivated
people enjoy their jobs and
work harder than
extrinsically motivated
people
http://www.slideshare.net/DianeRaymond1/intrinsici
#87 B
Random Sample -> a sample that fairly represents a population because each
member has an equal chance of inclusion (Myers, 34)
– If a group of people are not randomly chosen then the sample may not be
representative
http://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner/simple-random-sample.html
#88 A
Latent Learning ->
learning that occurs but is not
apparent until there is an
incentive to demonstrate it
(Myers, 236)
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/explanation-of-latent-learning-with-examples.html
#89 D
Evolutionary psychology -> the study of roots of behaviors and mental
processes using the principles of natural selection (Myers, 10, 103)
– Natural selection of traits promote genes of survival
– Evolution influences behavior such as survival
http://www.eoht.info/page/Evolutionary+psychology
http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/psy364criticisms-evolutionary-psychology/psy364criticisms-evolutionary_psychology.htm
#90 B
– Phoneme -> the smallest distinctive sound unit
– Phonemes are different in all languages making it difficult for people to learn
new languages
– Bat…. B – A - T
– (Myers, 313)
http://www.sparklebox.co.uk/thumbs896-900/sb896prev.html
#91 A
Positive reinforcer makes children work harder for higher grades. Students get praised
(positive reinforcer) for earning goods in school.
http://www.schutzhund-training.com/training_theory.html
#92 B
Social Learning Theory -> the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating
and by being rewarded and punished (Myers, 440)
– Children repeat what they see, hear, and experience from adults
– Think Bandura and the Bobo Doll
http://thedirtpsychology.org/bobo-doll-experiments/
#93 E
Negative correlation = one goes up and one goes down
http://www.moolanomy.com/1345/correlation-of-returns-the-reason-why-diversification-didnt-work/
#94 C
http://www.dialogues-cns.com/publication/dimensional-models-of-personality-the-five-factor-model-and-the-dsm-5/