Transcript The Study of Human Development

The Developing Person
I.
Different Perspectives on Development
II. Developmental Processes
III. Cognitive Dvmt
IV. Social and Emotional Development
V.Moral Dvmt
VI. Erikson's Lifespan Development
VII. Language Development
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I.
Different Perspectives
Developmental psychology-concerned with
changes in physical/psychological functioning
across lifespan (from conception)
Some Issues:
1. Nature vs. Nurture
2. Discontinuous vs Continuous theories
3. Stability/Change
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Developmental Research
1.
Types
a. normative investigations
b. Longitudinal
c. Cross-sectional
d. Sequential
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Data Collection Methods
2.
Data Collection
a.
habituation: decrease in response,
habit
b.
dishabituation: responds to new
stimulus
c.
also facial expressions, sucking
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II. Developmental Processes
A.
Physical development
Prenatal:
• 10 days after conception, attaches to uterine wallthen becomes embryo, 9 weeks-fetus
• teratogens: harmful agents, FAS, smoking, etc.--all
can affect psychological dvmt
• heart beat at 3 wks, 1/6 inch long
• early as 6th week-responses to stimulation
• feel movement at 17 weeks, 7 inches long
• sex vs. gender
• gender determined at 8 wks
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Newborn development
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brain mass increases 50% by 2 yrs
80% next 2 yrs, levels off at 11 yrs
tendencies such as temperament
mostly reflexes: rooting, grasping,
babinski
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Newborn development
Sensory dvmt
• prefer female voice at birth
• prefer mother's voice at few weeks-turn head to voice
• newborn legally blind 20/500, receptors still forming connections
• 1 day old-sight, 1/10 inch, 2 months, 1/20 in, 8 mos, 1/80 in,
6 yr/us-1/300
• 1 mo, recognize shape of person's head,
• 7 wks, facial features detect person
• 2 mos. color-white, red, orange, blue
• 3 mos-depth perception, not fully developed
• depth perception, visual cliff-crawling at 6-9 mos
• 12 hours old, distinguishes sweet (sugar) taste from sour
• also bad smells they don't like-rotten egg, etc
• learn mothers odor in 3 days
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C. Maturation-typical of
species
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III. Cognitive Development
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Jean Piaget, Swiss Psychologist
Schemes
Assimilation & Accommodation
Conservation
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Piaget’s Stages
Stages
1.Sensorimotor (0-2)-senses & actions
-object permanence, stranger anxiety
2.Pre-Operational (2-7)
-egocentrism, no conservation, -centration,
animistic thinking
3.Concrete Operational (7-12)-reversible
actions, mathematical transformations,
conservation
4.Formal Operations (12+)-true logic, abstract
reasoning, algebra
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IV. Social and Emotional
Development
• Harry Harlow’s studies
• Temperament (Kagan)
• Thomas & Chess-3 styles
– Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up
• Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth
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1. Attachment Theory
A. Bowlby’s idea
B. Harlow’s idea of contact
comfort
C. Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange
Situation” and attachment
styles
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Ainsworth’s Attachment
The Strange Situation Methodology based on
Stranger and Separation Anxiety
3 Primary styles:
1. Secure (56%)
2. Insecure
Type A: Anxious-Avoidant (25%)
Type C: Anxious-Resistant/ambivalent
(19%)
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More attachment...
• A 4th Attachment style:
Disorganized/Disoriented
• Identified by Main &
Solomon (1990)
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2. The Influence of Culture
& Gender
• Collectivism and Individualism
• Child-rearing
• Gender
–Social learning Theory-Bandura
–Gender Schema Theory-Bem
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V. Moral Development
• What’s different about adolescence?
– Sexual maturity, transition, relationships
• What is Morality?
– A system of beliefs, values and underlying
judgements about right and wrong
• What is Moral Development?
– Concerns rules and conventions about how
people should behave in their interactions with
others
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Moral Development
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Kohlberg’s Theory (1950’s)
Moral Dilemma
Moral reasoning
Carol Gilligan’s Two Voices
– Voice of Justice
– Voice of Caring
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Kohlberg’s Levels
Progressive stages
Levels and Stages:
I.
II.
Preconventional Morality-oneself
Stage 1: Pleasure/Pain orientation
Stage 2: Cost/Benefit orientation
reciprocity (eye for an eye)
Reason for moral behavior:
(before age 9)
Avoid pain or getting caught
Achieve/receive rewards
Conventional Morality-others/r-ships, society (early adolescence)
Stage 3: "good child" orientation
Gain acceptance, avoid disapproval
Stage 4: Law and order orientation
Follow rules, avoid penalties
III. Postconventional (Principled) morality-universal principles
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation
Stage 7: Cosmic orientation
Promote the welfare of one's society
Achieve justice, avoid self-condemnation
BE true to universal principles; feel
oneself part of a cosmic direction that
transcends social norms
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Parenting Styles
Parenting styles
-Baumrind-1971:
A. Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive style
B. Authoritative: encourages independence
C. Permissive Parenting
-permissive indulgent
-permissive neglectful
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VI.
Erikson’s Life-span Development
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