Transcript Landscapes of Hinduism and Buddhism CONt.

Religion, Pop Culture, &
Environmental Impact
Get drafts out and put them in project
folders. Turn them in today. Place rubric
in them that you were given at the door.
 Missed the notes on Monday? Go to
hathawayhug.edublogs.org
 I will be available after school Thursday
and Friday.
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Announcements
11/5/14 Journal Warm-up: Has
pop culture stole religion?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHsxeY-8OTg
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What did you take away from the pictures you
sorted Monday?
Anything shock you?
Review of Yesterday
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??? Will there be time to quickly glance?
Muslim Comic
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identify the following characteristics of all major
religions:
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point of origin
method of diffusion
current distribution
landscape expression
map the religious regions of the United States.
discuss the major branches, their origins, and
their current distributions for the following
religions:
◦ Christianity
◦ Islam
◦ Buddhism
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distinguish between ethnic and universalizing
religions:
◦ different holy sites
◦ different holy days
◦ different methods of diffusion
Should have these basics
Diffusion
Paths of
Christianity
Spread mainly
by hierarchical
process, then by
contagious
expansion in
Europe … then
by relocation &
expansion to
European
colonies
Diffusion Paths of Islam
Spread mainly by expansion diffusion through 17th century
through Asia, North Africa. Now world’s fastest growing religion;
spread by both expansion and relocation diffusion.
To be able to:
describe ways in which the
environment influences religion and
ways in which religions affect the
natural environment.
WHAT DOES THIS TELL US ABOUT ETHNIC
RELIGIONS?
EXTRA CREDIT
COMPONENT OF PROJECT
 PHOTOJOURNALISM: a
good picture can have
just as much as an
influence as a written
story
Examples of Religion on
the Cultural Landscape
Places of worship
Shrines, pilgrimage sites
Cemeteries, mausolea
Sacred spaces
Stonehenge, southern England (Druid site)
Sacred Spaces
Sites of special religious significance (experiences, events)
Hallowed grounds that are preserved across generations
For believers, places endowed with divine meaning
Paha Sapa Kin Wiyopeya Unkiyapi kte sni yelo!!
We never sold the Black Hills!!
(Lakota expression)
Cathedral at Chartres, France
Shrine at Lourdes,
southern France
MethodistCongregationalist
(Protestant) church,
southwest Quebec,
Canada
St. Basil’s
(Russian Orthodox),
Red Square, Moscow
Recoleto
Cemetery
Buenos Aires
Mid-City
Cemetery
New Orleans
Melang, Java
Grand Mosque, Banda Aceh,
northern Sumatra
MOSQUE
STYLES IN
INDONESIA
Jepara,
southern
Sumatra
Synagogue,
Jewish
quarter,
Prague
(13th century)
Jewish
cemetery,
Chicago
Temple Beth El (1973),
Bloomington Hills, Mich.
Western (Wailing) Wall,
Jerusalem
Buddhist stupa, Thailand
(Hemispherical shape is
typical, but different forms of
Buddhism use differing types
and levels of ornamentation.)
Statue of
Buddha
Hindu
temple,
Northern
India
Taj Mahal (Agra, India) –
Islamic mausoleum
Hindu cremation
ceremony, India
Friday prayers, Grand Mosque, Mecca, Saudi Arabia: The Hajj
Memorial Spaces
How similar to, and how different from, “sacred space”?
Religion marks cultural landscapes in
variety of ways
ex.
1. Cemeteries dotted with religious symbols
and icons
2. Stores designated to sales of religious
goods
3. Services provided to religious adherents
who travel to sacred sites
BACKGROUND INFORMARION
Pilgrimage- when adherents voluntarily
travel to religious site to pay respects or
participate in ritual at the site
 Scared site- places or spaces people
infuse with religious meaning
* if sacred site is held with reverence,
adherents may be encouraged to make a
pilgrimage to the sacred site for
rejuvenation, reflection, healing, or
fullfillment of a religious commitment
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Cont.
Sacred sites of Jerusalem
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Jerusalem, Israel
The Church of
the Holy
Sepulchre is
sacred to
Christians who
believe it is the
site where Jesus
Christ was
crucified. Inside
the church,
Christian
worshippers can
be seen lighting
candles at Jesus
Christ’s tomb.
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Ancient city of Jerusalem is sacred to Jews,
Christians, and Muslims
Jews saw Jerusalem as sacred before birth of
Jesus, but most Jews fled from the city and
surrounding area during diaspora
Jerusalem remained sacred for Jews although
it was not under their control
Western Wall is most important sacred site
for Jews (located at edge of Temple Mount in
Jerusalem)
Torah- sacred book of Judaism
Sacred sites of JerusalemBackground INFO
Jerusalem is sacred to Christians for two
reasons :
 1. sacrifice Abraham was willing to make
of his son at the Temple Mount
 2. Jesus’ crucifixion took place outside the
city’s walls
 Christians believe that from the tomb
Jesus rose from the dead on Easter
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Sacred sites of Jerusalem cont.
17th century- Muslim armies took control
over the city form the Byzantine Empire
 Constructed mosque called the Dome of
the Rock adjacent to the Western Wall
 Marked site where Muhammad is believed
to have arrived form Mecca and then
ascended into heaven
 Site Jews call Temple Mount is called alHaram al-Sharif (the Noble Sanctuary)
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Sacred sites of Jerusalem cont.
Control over Jerusalem has been fought over for
much of history
 Muslims ultimately retook the land in 1187, and
later Christian crusaders were unable to conquer
it again
 The Crusades helped cement a commitment by
Christians to protect the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre. Similarly, the Crusades and then
Zionism cemented a commitment by Muslims to
protect the Dome of the Rock and by Jews to
protect the Western Wall
********** commitment by three major religions
to protect and control their sacred sites has led
to political turmoil*************
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Sacred sites of Jerusalem cont.
Landscapes of Hinduism and
Buddhism
Varanasi, India:
Hindus perform morning rituals in the Ganges River at one of
Hinduism’s most sacred places, the city of Varanasi, known as
the city of Lord Shiva
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Traditional Hinduism is more a way of life
than a faith
Pilgrimages follow prescribed routes
Rituals are attended by million of people
Hindus believe that the erection of a temple
bestows merit on the builder and will be
rewarded
As a result, the Hindu cultural landscape is
dotted with countless shrines, ranging from
small village temple to structures so large
and elaborate that they are virtually holy
cities
Landscapes of Hinduism and
Buddhism
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The location of shrines is important because
Hindus prescribe that such holy places should
minimally disrupt the natural landscape
Hindu temple is located in a “comfortable”
position
Ex. Temples or shrines located under large,
shady trees
Hindus want their temples to be near water
because many gods will not venture fat form
water
Also, water has a holy function, ritual
bathing, in Hinduism
Landscapes of Hinduism and
Buddhism Cont.
The cultural landscape of Hinduism is the
cultural landscape of India, its main
culture region
 Temples, shrines, holy animals, holy men,
sights and sounds of long processions and
rituals all contribute to unique
atmosphere
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Landscapes of Hinduism and
Buddhism Cont.
When Buddha received enlightenment, he sat
under a large tree, the Bodhi (Enlightenment)
tree at Bodh Gaya in India
 Is tree is currently revered and protected
 Buddhists make pilgrimages to Bodh Gaya and
other places where Buddha may have taught
beneath Bodhi branches
 Buddhist shrines include stupas, bell-shaped
structures that protect burial mounds
 Also constructs temples that enshrine an image
of Buddha in his familiar cross-legged pose, as
well as large monasteries that tower over the
local landscape
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Landscapes of Hinduism and
Buddhism CONt.
The pogoda is perhaps
Buddhism’s most familiar
structure
 Shape is derived form the
relic mounds of old
 Every fragment of it
construction is meaningful
representation of Buddhist
Landscapes
of Hinduism and
philosophy
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Buddhism cont.
Landscapes of
Christianity
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St. Michael’s Tower rises over Bordeaux, France, marking
the importance of the Catholic Church in Bordeaux’s
history and culture.
Cultural landscapes of Christianity’s
branches reflect the changes the faith has
undergone over the centuries
 In medieval Europe, the cathedral,
church, and monastery was the focus of
life
 As a result of mercantilism and
colonialism, Europeans exported the
ornate architecture of European Christian
churches wherever they settled
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Landscapes of Christianity
Cont.
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Reformation, the rise of secularism, and
decline of organized religion are reflected too
Ornate churches function as museums rather
than serving active congregation
Famous cathedrals continue to hold services
while tourist peruse the interior of the vast
churches
Churches with specific saints, places where
significant events occurred, and Vatican City
in Rome, are still major pilgrimage sites in
Europe
Landscapes of Christianity
Cont.
Landscapes of
Islam
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Fives time every day, form the towering
minarets, the faithful are called to prayer
At the height of Islam’s expansion into
eastern North Africa and southern Europe,
Muslim architects incorporated earlier Roman
models into their designs
Result included Alhambra Palace in Granada
and the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain
Islam’s prohibition against depicting the
human form led to the wide use of geometric
designs and calligraph
Landscapes of Islam
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Muslim architecture represents the unifying
concept of Islamic monotheism: the
perfection and vastness of the spirit of Allah
The mosque symbolizes the power of the
faith and its role in the community
Its primacy in the cultural landscape confirms
the degree to which, in much of the Muslim
world, religion and culture are one
Hajj- one of the most well-known pilgrimages
in the modern world of the Muslim pilgrimage
to Mecca
Landscapes of Islam cont.
One of the five pillars of Islam, the hajj requires all
Muslims to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least
once during their lifetime
 Over 1.3 million Muslims from outside of Saudia
Arabia and over 1 million from inside the country
make the hajj
 Saudi government now restricts number of visas
granted each year to Muslims from outside the
country because in 2004, over 259 pilgrims were
trampled to death as hordes of people followed steps
of pilgrimage
 Increasing number of apartment buildings and hotels
reflect growing number of pilgrims however
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Landscapes of Islam Cont.
Isfahan, Iran
The dome of this mosque demonstrates the
geometric art evident in Muslim architecture
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Pilgrims circle the holy Kaaba in the
grand Mosque in Mecca during the hajj.
Take Home FRQ Exam
Closing Journal:
Answer the “to be able to”:
describe ways in which the
environment influences religion and
ways in which religions affect the
natural environment.