Transcript Unit 8 - Culture Review

Cultural Patterns
& Processes (Unit 3)
Review
AP HUG
Major Topics
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Culture
Language
Religion
Race & Ethnicity
Sex & Gender
Essential Questions:
• How does globalization impact culture?
• Is a worldwide common language more beneficial or
harmful? Why?
• How can someone’s identities influence their ability
to exercise power in society?
CULTURE
Popular Culture:
A wide-ranging group
of heterogeneous
people, who stretch
across identities and
across the world, and
who embrace cultural
traits such as music,
dance, clothing, and
food preference that
change frequently and
are part of the cultural
landscape.
Madonna wearing a red
string Kabbalah bracelet.
Forms of Pop Culture
• Television
• Music
• Fashion
• Food
• Sports
• Toys
• Comic books
• Film
• Advertising
• Cyberspace
Characteristics of popular culture
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Constantly changing
Based in large, heterogeneous groups of people
Based mainly in urban areas
Material goods mass-produced by machines in factories
Prevailing money economy
Folk Culture
• Refers to cultural traits that are traditional, no longer
widely practiced by a large amount of people and
generally isolated in small, often rural areas
Types of Diffusion
• Relocation
• Expansion
• Contagious
• Hierarchal
• Stimulus
Relocation Diffusion
• Occurs when the spreading disease moves into
new areas, leaving behind its origin or source of
the disease, for example a person infected with
HIV moving into a new location.
(people move/migrate and take ideas with them)
Expansion Diffusion
• The pattern originates in a central
place and then expands outward in all
directions to other locations.
• Note that the distance does not have
to be equal in all directions.
• Expansion diffusion can be further
broken down into three types of
diffusion: hierarchical, contagious, and
stimulus diffusion
Contagious Diffusion
• The spread of an
infectious disease
through the direct
contact of individuals
with those infected.
• Often rapid and
spreads through entire
population
• Example: Disease, viral
email
Hierarchal Diffusion
• Occurs when a
phenomenon spreads
through an ordered
sequence of classes
or places, for
example from cities
to large urban areas
to small urban areas.
Stimulus Diffusion
• Takes a part of an idea and spreads that idea
to create an innovative product.
• Example: vegetarian eating habits (principle)
influence restaurants to offer more
vegetarian dishes (new products)
Frictional Effect of Distance
(Distance Decay)
• Suggests that areas that
are closer to the source
of something (like a
disease) are more likely
to be affected by it,
whereas areas further
away from the source
are less likely to be
affected and/or will be
affected at a later date.
Barriers to Diffusion
• Some physical features act as a barrier towards
diffusion, including:
• Mountains
• Bodies of water
• Political and Economic boundaries may also limit
the spread of disease.
• Travel restrictions and screening of travelers can
form ‘human’ barriers.
LANGUAGE
Official Languages of Countries
Major Language Families
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Indo-European (2.5 billion people)
Sino-Tibetan (1.4 billion people)
Afro-Asiatic (284 million people)
Austronesian (244 million people)
Dravidian (203 million people)
Niger-Congo (172 million people)
Altaic (128 million people)
Japanese (122 million people)
Korean (67 million people)
• Think of the world’s
language families as the
branches of a tree.
Isogloss -A geographic boundary within which a
particular linguistic feature occurs
Dialect-variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic
lines- vocabulary-syntax- pronunciation- cadence-pace of speech
Accent: The way a language sounds or pronounced in a certain
location.
Vernacular: the local form of a language, words and phrases
unique to a certain area.
How are Languages Formed?
Language divergence –
when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a
language breaks the language into dialects and then new
languages.
Language convergence –
when peoples with different languages have consistent
spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one.
How do Languages Diffuse?
• human interaction
• print distribution
• Migration
• Trade
• Rise of nation-states
• Colonialism
Monolingualism
a country in which
only one language is
spoken
Multilingualism
a country in which
more than one
language is in use
Official Language
should a multilingual
state adopt an official
language?
Examples
Monolingual States
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Japan
Venezuela
Denmark
Portugal
Poland
Multilingual States
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Belgium
India
Canada
Peru
• Language Extinction: the point at which a language no
longer has any active speakers.
• Linguistic Refuge: areas providing minority linguistic
groups refuge from aggressive neighbors
RELIGION
Religion Regions
Religion Terms
• Religion: a cultural system of beliefs, traditions and practices
often centered around the worship of a deity or deities
(god/gods)
• Universalizing Religions: Religions that seek to convert
nonbelievers to their ranks (Christianity/Islam)
• Ethnic Religions: religions that are associated with a particular
ethnic group (Hinduism, Judaism)
• Monotheism: Belief in on Supreme Being
• Polytheism: belief in multiple gods
• Syncretic religions: the process of combining multiple
beliefs and practices into one system
Major Religions: Commonalities
• Religions have a tendency to splinter
• Have a founder or key figure
• Have scriptures
• Have rituals
• Have structures for prayer or religious
rituals
• Teach a form of the Golden Rule
• Preach Peace
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Five Major World Religions
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam
• Hinduism
• Buddhism
Judaism
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14 million adherents
Monotheistic (claims to the oldest one)
Based on covenant with Abraham
Scriptures: Torah – 5 books of the “Law”
• Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
• Sects
• Orthodox, Conservative, Reform
• Israel – More Jews in New York City than in Israel
• Homeland for Jewish people
• Created 1948
• Conflict between Israel and Palestine
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Christian Fundamentals
• Areas of almost complete agreement
• Sacraments of Baptism & Matrimony
• Monotheism involving one God in a trinity of persons
(referred to as a mystery)
• Blessing and sharing bread and wine at least in memory
of Jesus sacrifice
• Jesus was/is 100% God and 100% human
• Salvation comes from belief in and acceptance of Jesus
as one’s savior
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• There will be a second coming at the end of time
Islam
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Muhammad, prophet
Allah (word for God)
Monotheistic
Major Sects: Sunni – 85% and Shiite – 15%
Koran (or Qu’ran), the holy book, is sufficient to direct all aspects
of life, seen as direct word of god, as told to Muhammad.
• Five Pillars of Islam
• Belief in one God
• Five daily prayers facing Mecca
• Generous alms (help to poor)
• Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
• Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
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Hinduism
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Most ancient religious tradition in Asia (world?)
Vedas – Hindu sacred texts
May be viewed as monotheistic
Castes
• Brahman, priestly
• Kshatriya, warrior/ruler
• Vaisya, tradesman and farmer
• Sudra, servant and laborer
• Untouchables (5th caste)
• Central belief is in reincarnation
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Characteristics of Hinduism
• No clergy or religious requirements –
• No real splintering or sects
• Can be practices in many ways & at many levels so
there was no need to “split off.”
• Each individual is seeking to comprehend the
ultimate reality while living out his/her dharma
(duty) with the goal of union with Brahman once
the cycle of reincarnation is ended.
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Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama/Buddha – Enlightened One
• Four Noble Truths
• Life involves suffering
• Cause of suffering is desire
• Elimination of desire ends suffering
• Right thinking and behavior eliminate desire
• Diffused from India
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Buddhism
• Nirvana
• Buddhism is a way of living that achieves
release from reincarnation and suffering
• God is not knowable, so is, therefore, not a
major concern in Buddhism
• Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) rejected the
caste system
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RACE &
ETHNICITY
Race –a categorization of humans based on skin color and other
physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political
constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological
differences are more important than others.
Ethnicity
• Ethnicity –
a constructed identity that is
tied to a place … it is often
considered “natural” because
it implies ancient relations
among people over time.
Segregation/Ghettos/Ethnoburb
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• Segregation: the practice or policy of keeping people of
different races, ethnicities, religions, etc., separate from each
other.
• Ghetto: a poor, densely populated city district populated by a
minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship
and social restriction
• Ethnoburb: is a suburban residential and business area with a
notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population
Assimilation and Acculturation
• Assimilation: the process of incorporating new ideas into an existing
cultural structure
• Loss of culture
• Acculturation: The adoption of the behavior patterns of the
surrounding culture
• Bicultural
SEX & GENDER
GENDER
• Gender is: culturally and socially constructed differences
between females and males that are based on meanings,
beliefs and practices that a group or society associates with
“femininity” or “masculinity”
Sex/Sexism
• Sex is the biological differences between males and females
• Sexism is the subordination of one sex, usually female, based
on the assumed superiority of the other sex
• 51% of the US is female, yet are considered a minority
GENDER ROLES
• Gender roles are the rights, responsibilities, expectations,
and relationships of women & men in society
Female – Male Income Differences
Arranged/Forced Marriage
Arranged marriage or forced marriage:
• When a spouse is chosen for a female.
• These arrangements are often marriages of convenience to
create family ties.
• Sometimes women are forced into marriage to pay a family
debt or to offload an unwanted daughter.
• Women are sometimes are abducted and taken to another
country for this to happen
Dowries and Marriage
• Dowries: Property or money that a
brides family has to pay to the groom
or the grooms family.
• Sometimes it’s the other way around
• Dowry deaths are common
• Reported as “kitchen accidents”
Illiterate Young Women
This map shows the number of young women that would need to be
educated to reach the same literacy rates as men in each territory.
Girls/Women may be denied an
education due to:
• Economic factors: Females are needed to work at
home so that parents can work or only enough
money to educate some children (males picked first)
• Social/Cultural factors : A belief that the role of
females is to look after children and take care of the
home and therefore does not need an education.
• Religious/Political: Example: Taliban (banned
females from working, therefore eliminating
possibility of education for girls)
FRQ PRACTICE
PART A
• Spatial diffusion is the spread of a phenomenon, such as
disease or trends, across space and time
PART B
• Vector 5 is spreading through contagious expansion diffusion,
when a phenomenon spreads like a wave through space
• Contagious diffusion is the spread of a phenomenon
geographically outward without regard to the size of the
places surrounding it; places near the origin are affected first.
The farther away a person or place is from the origin, the later
it will be affected by the phenomenon
• Vector 5 is spreading outward from its point of origin to the
nearest cities, large and small, in each wave of spread. It is not
discriminating based on size, only based on proximity to the
point of origin.
PART C
• Vector 6 is spreading through hierarchical expansion diffusion
• Hierarchical expansion diffusion is the spread of a
phenomenon geographically from its place of origin in an
outward pattern, like in the contagious pattern. However,
unlike contagious diffusion, it spreads outward with respect to
the size of place or level of susceptibility
• Vector 6 is spreading outward from its place of origin but is
discriminating in its spread pattern to larger cities before
hitting smaller places, in a hierarchical pattern