Transcript Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?

Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
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Religious structures – often stand out as religious shrines or places where
people assemble for worship.
Church- physically structure made in the image of God; attendance is
considered importance in Christianity
Architectural styles- 3 branches follow different styles based on availability of
resources in different regions
Muslim mosque- space for community assembly, not a sanctified place
Central courtyard, minaret (tower), pulpit facing Makkah (direction of prayer,
muezzin(summons worship from minaret)
Buddhist padoga- where relics of Buddha’s body/clothing are placed
Followers built them in different countries to hold relics in sacred areas
where Buddha was born, reached enlightenment, and passed into Nirvana
Formal worship usually takes place outside a padoga at an adjacent temple,
monastery, or in the home of a Buddhist
A pilgramage is a religious journey
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
10. Holy places:
- Islamic - cities associated with Prophet Muhammad.
– Holiest City is Makkah (Mecca), birthplace of Muhammad.
 Healthy Muslims with adequate financial resources are expected to
go on a pilgrimage, called a hajj, to this city.
– Second-most-holy place is Madinah (Medina).
 Muhammad’s tomb is in Madinah.
- Buddhist – 8 holy places – shrines- based on important events in Buddha’s life.
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Hindu- closely tied to physical geography of India
 Mt. Kailas is holy because it is home to Siva.
 Holiest places are riverbanks and coastlines.
 Hindus believe that they achieve purification by bathing in holy rivers—e.g.,
Ganges River
11. There is no room for congregational worship in Hindu temples.
12. Hindu temples - Dimly lit room; symbolic artifact of a god; structure/bath for
the caretaker
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Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
13. Cosmogony: religious beliefs concerning origin of the universe
a.Confucianism and Taoism- yin(earth, darkness, death) and yang(heaven, light,
life) balance the two forces that make up the universe; constant state of change
creates chaos and disorder
b.Christianity and Islam- consider that God created the universe; however,
Christians(Catholics) believe Earth was given to the people to complete its
creation, while Muslim believe that Earth is God’s only and that they are only
representative of Him and are not partners with Him
c.Pagans- use the solstice as a major holiday honoring the Sun (solstice)
14. Solstice- major holidays of some ethnic religions- Winter- Dec 21-22 and
Summer June 21-22 – based on the Sun’s location before reversing direction
during seasons; Stonehenge- remnant of a pagan structure aligned so that sun
rises between two stones on solstices
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Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
15. Christian burial:
catacombs(underground passages) used to bury when the religion was illegal
Yards around the church were used until overcrowding occurred
Cemeteries created outside the city walls
16. Ethnic burials
a.Hindu- cremation after washing body in Ganges river
b.Parsis- exposed the dead to birds and animals
c.Micronesia- disposal at sea
17. Religious settlements:
a.Utopian- ideal community built around a religious way of life
b.Salt Lake City, Utah- built by Mormons based on a plan by prophet Joseph
Smith
c.Puritans- English settlers in North America in clustered settlements with a
church at its center- this was different than most settlers of the time
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
18. Religious Calendars:
 Ethnic – based on physical geography of homeland- celebration of seasons,
which helped farmers
 Universalizing- related to events in life of the founder rather than changing
seasons--Ramadan (Islam): part of five pillars of faith; Easter (Christian):
resurrection of Jesus
19. Jewish Calendar- major holiday based on events in the agricultural calendar
of homeland of Israel
20. Lunar calendar of Muslims and Jews: Jewish calendar inserts an extra
month every few years to match the agricultural and solar calendars; Islam
retains a strict 30 years cycle of 19 years of 354 and 11 years of 355
21. Easter- celebrated on the first full moon after spring equinox
22. Southern Europe celebrates Easter in the fall at harvest time; Northern
Europe and North America celebrate in spring
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
23. Japanese Buddhists celebrate Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death on 3 separate
days; Theravadists observe all 3 events on the same day
24. Hierarchical religion: geographic territory is organized into local administrative units
25. Roman Catholic hierarchy:
a. Pope – diocese of Rome
b. Archbishops- report to the Pope; head a province of several dioceses, while being the
bishop of one diocese; some may be promoted to a cardinal
c. Bishop- report to Archbishop; heads a diocese, which is a geographical area of many
churches
d. Priests- report to bishops; heads a parish, which is part of a diocese
26. Latin American parishes are larger in areas because of a low population density
27. Autonomous religion: self-sufficient, or small amount of communication with other
communities Ex: Islam and some Protestant denominations
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Religions Organize Space in
Distinctive Patterns?
28. Formal organization in Islam- no religious hierarchy or geographical organization;
locally governments in Islamic countries work with those who manage Islamic institutions
29. Islam is held together by communication and migration (hajj), as well as the doctrines
which include strict demands on followers
30. Autonomous
 Baptists and United Church of Christ ; Presbyterian is mildly autonomous; Judaism
and Hinduism
Hierarchical
 Episcopalian, Lutheran, and Methodist
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Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
1. Taliban in Afghanistan:
 Taliban – means “religious students” took control of Afghanistan in 1996.
 They believed that Allah had called them to purify the country by getting rid of sin and
violence.
 Western non-Islamic activities were banned – music, kites, tv, and internet
 Soccer stadiums converted to execution and torture centers
 Men beaten for shaving and women stoned to death for adultery
 Homosexuals were buried alive; thieves had hands cut off; women with nail polish had
fingers cut off
2. Hinduism vs. Western ideas:
 Their caste system involves neglecting the health, safety, finances, and education
because they are considered “untouchables”
3. British leaders and Christian missionaries
4. The Indian government created a plan to allow untouchables more access to
universities. Many do not support this plan.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
5. Russia/Soviet Union vs. Eastern Orthodox Church
 Czar Peter the Great – Made Russian Orthodox church part of the government and
replaced the church’s leader with government officials
 Communism: Karl Marx introduced – Marxism, which was an anti-religious program,
which claimed religion was a threat to society; the Orthodox church was only able to
maintain elderly members because most ended contact with the church
6. Since the fall of Communism in the 1990s…
 Historic Catholic Regions – Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia are currently reviving Roman
Catholicism
 Historic Muslim Regions- Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan are newly independent
and struggle to rewrite laws that conform to Islamic customs
7. Vietnam War’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: U.S. air raids destroyed shrines and the
Vietnamese vandalized sacred artifacts; Buddhists burned themselves in protest
8. Communism’s impact on Buddhism in SE Asia: current governments discourage
religion and allow monuments to decay
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
9. Fundamentalism- literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a
religion
10-11. Roman Catholics and Protestants are in conflict in Ireland
 Roman Catholics live in the Republic of Ireland, which is in the southern and largest
part of the island; Protestants live in Northern Ireland, which is part of the United
Kingdom. Catholics living in the northern region are discriminated against. The two
sides are in disagreement on joining the U.K. as opposed to being independent
12. Jews, Christians, and Muslims have fought nearly 2,000 years to control the same
small strip of Land in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Judaism: special claim to the territory it calls the Promised Land where major events in the
development in the religion occurred.
Islam: Muslim army conquered this land in seventh century A.D. Jerusalem is the third
holiest city to Muslims, because it is believed to be where Muhammad ascended into
heaven.
Christianity: considers it the Holy Land and Jerusalem the Holy City, because the major
events in Jesus’s life, death, and resurrection occurred there.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise among
Religious Groups?
13. The Christians fought the Muslims in holy wars called, Crusades for 150 years (10991244). Jerusalem was captured, lost, captured, and in the end lost.
Quiz Review Questions:
1. Name the 3 branches of Christianity.
2. Name the 3 largest universal religions and 3 ethnic religions.
3. How is a mosque different from a church?
4. What is the purpose of a padoga?
5. Give an example of a pilgramage.
6. What is cosmogony and how have religions incorporated this idea? Give 2 examples.
7. Describe the burial practices of 2-3 religions.
8. What is a Utopian Settlement? Explain one.
9. Contrast an ethinc religion’s calendar to a universal religion’s calendar.
10. List the Roman Catholic hierarchy leaders.
11. What is the difference between an autonomous religion and a hierarchical religion?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.