Transcript Cultures in the Middle East

Cultures in the Middle East
Guiding Question
• Why should we learn about the Middle
East?
GPS and E.Q.
GPS SS7G8: The student will describe the
diverse cultures of the people who live in
Southwest Asia (Middle East).
a. Explain the differences between an
ethnic group and a religious group.
E.Q.: How does an ethnic group differ from a
religious group?
Vocabulary
• Ethnic group: people united by common culture
• Religious group: people united by common
religious beliefs
• Caliph: leader in the Sunni Islam religion
• Imam: Leader in the Shi’a Islam religion
• Monotheism: belief in one god
• Literacy rate: number of people age 15 and up
who can read and write
• Standard of Living: how comfortably you live
(based on life expectancy, infant mortality
(death) rate, income, and poverty rate)
Differences Between Ethnic
Groups and Religious Groups
Ethnic Group
• Group of people with
shared cultural beliefs
(language, religion,
shared history, types of
foods, traditional stories
and celebrations)
• Examples: Arabs, Kurds,
Persians, Cherokee
Religious Group
• Group of people who
shares a belief system in
a god or gods, with a
specific set of rituals and
holy book (religion).
• Can be from different
ethnic groups.
• Examples: Christians,
Jews, Muslims
Important Fact!
• Christianity, Islam, and Judaism all began
in the Middle East.
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East
• Arabs are people who speak Arabic. ‫عربي‬
• They believe themselves to be descendants
of Abraham in the Bible through his son,
Ishmael.
• They are the most numerous group in SW
Asia.
• Most are Sunni Muslim, some are Shi’a, and
a few are Christians or other religions.
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East
• Kurds are people who speak Kurdish.
• They live or are from mountainous areas
in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
• They hope to have their own country one
day.
• Iraqis and Persians have conflicts with
them.
• They may be any religion, though most are
Sunni Muslim.
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East
• Persians are people who speak Persian
(Farsi).
• They live or are from Iran (used to be
called Persia).
• Their ancestors come from Central Europe
and Southern Russia.
• They may be any religion, but most are
Shi’a Muslim.
CRCT Test Prep page 88
253. Which do Kurds share as part of their ethnic
group?
A. the Kurdish language
B. they live in the same country
C. self-rule in the land of Kurdistan
D. the ability to move freely to other countries
A. The Kurdish language
CRCT Test Prep page 88
254. Which are the 3 main religious groups
of Southwest Asia?
A. Hinduism, Islam, Judaism
B. Christianity, Islam, Judaism
C. Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam
D. Christianity, Islam, Shamanism
B. Christianity, Islam, Judaism
Diversity of Religions
In Southwest Asia
GPS and E.Q.
• GPS: SS7G8b. Explain the diversity of
religions within the Arabs, Persians, and
Kurds.
• E.Q.: Why do Arabs, Persians, and Kurds
fight each other if they’re all from the
Middle East??
Religious Groups in the Middle
East
Islam
(Video United Streaming "The Faith" 4 min. in length)
• Began in Arabia in the early 7th century
(600s)
• Holy book: the Qur’an
• monotheistic (one God) faith revealed to
the prophets Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
and finally, to Muhammad.
• Muslims are believers in Islam
Arabs: Religions
• Most Arabs are Muslims.
• Sunni Islam dominates in most areas.
• Shi’a Islam is prevalent in southern Iraq
and adjacent parts of Saudi Arabia, and
parts as parts of Syria.
Kurds: Religions
• The Kurds are a non-Arabic people who
speak a language related to Persian.
• Most follow the Sunni Muslim faith.
• They live in Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria and
Turkey.
Persians: Religions
• Most Persians in Iran are Shi’a Muslims.
• There is also a sizeable number of Sunni
Muslims.
• There are also smaller communities of
Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, and
Bahá'ís.
Conflicts
• The most powerful Iraqis (Arabs) are
Sunni.
• Most Iranians (Persians) are Shi’ites
(Shi’a).
• Most Kurds are Sunni, but are more
closely related to Iranians (Persians)
Iraqi/Arab
Sunni
Iranian/Persian
Shi’a
Kurd/Persian
Sunni
Remember:
Sunni and Shi’a
are both forms
of Islam!
Summary
• Make a Venn diagram: ethnic group vs.
religious group
Compare Religions of Arabs, Kurds,
and Persians (see “Conflicts” slide #20)
Ethnic
Group
Arabs
Kurds
Persians
Religion
Leader Title Beliefs
CRCT Test Prep page 89
255. Which ethnic group is most numerous
in Southwest Asia?
A. Jews
B. Kurds
C. Arabs
D. Persians
C. Arabs
CRCT Test Prep page 89
256. What modern country is the home to
those who call themselves Persian?
A. Iran
B. Iraq
C. Israel
D. Syria
A. Iran
CRCT Test Prep page 89
257. What is the religion of most Persians?
A. Judaism
B. Christianity
C. Shi’a Muslim
D. Sunni Muslim
C. Shi’a
CRCT Test Prep page 89
258. What is the religion of most of the
Arabs in Southwest Asia?
A. Judaism
B. Christianity
C. Shi’a Muslim
D. Sunni Muslim
D. Sunni
CRCT Test Prep page 89
259. What is the religion of most of the
Kurds?
A. Catholicism
B. Christianity
C. Shi’a Muslim
D. Sunni Muslim
D. Sunni
Prominent Religions
In Southwest Asia
GPS and E.Q.
GPS: SS7G8c. Compare and contrast the
prominent religions of Southwest Asia
(Middle East): Judaism, Islam, Christianity.
E.Q. How do the prominent religions of the
Middle East compare? How are they
different?
Similarities
• All believe in one God (monotheistic)
• All trace ancestors back to Abraham
• All began in the Middle East
Judaism
(Abraham)
Connection between 3 Religions
Differences
• Judaism
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Founder: Abraham (about 2000 BC)
Holy Book: Torah
Followers: Jews
# of Followers: about 15 million
Oldest of the 3 religions
Beliefs: laws of God and words of His prophets
3 types:
• Orthodox
• Conservative
• Reform
Differences
• Christianity
– Founder: Jesus (about 30 AD)
– Holy Book: Bible
– Followers: Christians
– # of Followers: about 2.1 billion
– Largest of 3 religions
– Beliefs: teachings of Jesus
– 3 types:
• Eastern Orthodox
• Roman Catholic
• Protestant
Differences
• Islam
–
–
–
–
Founder: Muhammad (about 610 AD)
Holy Book: Koran or Qur’an
Followers: Muslims
# of Followers: about 1.3 billion; fastest growing of the 3
religions
– Beliefs: teachings of Muhammad, the last Prophet
– 3 types:
• Sunni
• Shi’a
• Sufi
CRCT Test Prep pages 90-93
• Read the passages on Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam:
• Read the first paragraph.
– Share with a partner 1 thing you knew, 1 thing you found
out, or 1 thing you want to know more about.
• Continue with the other passages until you have
both read them all.
– Stop after each paragraph to share with each other.
(See the following slides for important points to remember)
Judaism
• Monotheistic – belief in 1
God (Yahweh)
• Began with Abraham
– born in Ur about 2000 BC
– God promised that Abraham would begin a
new nation if he and his descendents would
worship God
– Settled in Canaan – had 2 sons: Isaac and
Ishmael; Hebrews/Jews are descendents of
Isaac (his 12 grandsons began 12 Tribes of
Israel)
Judaism
• 1300-1200 BC – Hebrews were forced into
slavery in Egypt.
• Moses led Hebrews out of slavery (Exodus
– celebrated each year at Passover)
• God gave Ten Commandments to Moses
• Hebrews returned to Canaan and settled
• Around 1000 BC Hebrews united under
King Saul, then David, then Solomon
Judaism
Western
Wall
•
•
•
•
Kingdom was divided into North and South
Conquered by Babylon till 167 BC
Conquered by Rome
Temple in Jerusalem destroyed in 70 AD (except
for one part of Western Wall – still standing
today)
• Jews scattered – “Diaspora” – to other countries
• Tanakh – Holy Book
(contains Torah – first
5 books of Old Testament)
Christianity
• Monotheistic – belief in 1 God
• Grew out of Judaism during Roman rule in
Palestine (Canaan).
• Began with Jesus – born in Bethlehem about 4
BC
• Became preacher/teacher at age 30
Christianity
• Jesus followed Jewish law/belief but spoke
of more personal relationship with God
– Focus on love of God and kindness toward
others
– Followers called disciples
• Their writings form Gospels – 1st 4 books of New
Testament
– Jewish and Roman leaders saw Jesus as
threat; Jesus was crucified
Christianity
• After death, followers believed Jesus rose from
the dead; called him “Messiah” or “Christos” –
Savior and “Son of God”
• Jesus’ teachings became basis for new religion
– Christianity – Old Testament teachings +
loving, forgiving God
• Christians refused to worship Roman gods –
many were put to death
• 313 AD - Christianity approved by Roman
emperor Constantine
Islam
• Monotheistic – belief in 1 God (Allah)
• Began in Mecca in 600s AD – trading
center
• Ka’aba (rectangular building) in center of
town – Meccans believed it was originally
built by Abraham and Ishmael to honor
God – over time many idols were placed in
Ka’aba
Islam
• Began with Muhammad – born in Mecca in
570 AD. At age 40 heard voice of angel
Gabriel – told him to tell people the word
of God
• Followers were called “Muslims” – “ones
who submit” to God’s will
• Escaped to Medina in 622 AD – move was
called “Hegira” – 1st year of Islamic
calendar.
Islam
• Returned to Mecca in 630 AD with army –
Mecca surrendered.
• Removed idols from Ka’aba and dedicated
it to Allah.
• After Muhammad’s death, followers
collected angel Gabriel’s teachings into
holy book: Qur’an (Koran).
Islam
•
•
•
•
1 God
Muhammad was final prophet
Qur’an includes much of Old and New
Testaments.
5 Pillars:
1. Shahada – There is no God but Allah and
Muhammad is His Prophet
2. Salat – pray 5 times a day toward Mecca
3. Zakat – charity toward poor
4. Sawm – fast during Ramadan
5. Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca
Islam
• Legal code based on Qur’an called
shariah law
• Because so much of Old and New
Testaments are part of Qur’an, most
Muslims view Jews and Christians as
“People of the Book” – recorded special
respect
• Islam spread through Middle
East
• Leaders are called “Caliphs”
CRCT Test Prep page 91
260. What is the main belief that distinguished the
Jewish faith from the others in the ancient
world?
A. the belief in life after death
B. the organization of believers into a separate
state
C. the worship of a single god rather than many
gods
D. the offering of sacrifices during religious
ceremonies
C. The worship of a single god…
CRCT Test Prep page 91
261. Which is the holy writing of Judaism?
A. Torah
B. Qur’an
C. Constitution
D. New Testament
A. Torah
CRCT Test Prep page 91
262. The “Exodus” in the history of the Jewish
people was the time when
A. Jews were in captivity in Babylon.
B. the Romans forced the Jews out of Jerusalem
C. Abraham left Mesopotamia and moved to
Canaan.
D. Jews were freed from slavery in Egypt and
returned to the land of Canaan.
D. Jews were freed from slavery…
CRCT Test Prep page 92
263. Why did Jesus have trouble with both the Jewish
leaders and the Roman authorities?
A. Jesus urged people to tear down the Temple in
Jerusalem.
B. the new religion of Christianity was open to only a few
people.
C. He encouraged the people to form an army and revolt
against the government.
D. Jews accused him of crimes against their teachings;
Romans saw him as a threat to the Roman Empire..
D. Jews accused him of crimes…
CRCT Test Prep page 92
264. What basic belief made Christianity different
from Judaism?
A. Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah,
or savior of men.
B. Only Judaism accepted and believed in the
10 Commandments.
C. Jews never had problems with the Roman
authorities, while the Christians did.
D. Christians allowed the worship of many of the
Roman gods, while Judaism did not.
A. Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah…
CRCT Test Prep page 92
265. Why was Christianity finally accepted by the
Roman Emperor as a legal religion?
A. Christian armies defeated the emperor in
battle.
B. There were few other religions left in the
Roman Empire by 313 AD.
C. Emperor Constantine recognized that many
Romans had become Christians.
D. Christians made the worship of Roman gods
and goddesses part of their religion as well.
C. Emperor Constantine recognized that many
Romans had become Christians.
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94
266. What is the relationship among Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam?
A. The 3 religions all believe in different gods.
B. All 3 religions accept Jesus as the “Son of
God”.
C. Unlike Judaism and Christianity, Islam won
new converts only by war and force.
D. Islam includes much of the old and new
testaments in its holy book, the Qur’an.
D. Islam includes much of the old and new
testaments…
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94
267. What did Muhammad believe the angel
Gabriel was asking him to do?
A. Tell the word of God to the people.
B. Bring an end to all religions other than Islam.
C. Develop Mecca into a more powerful trading
center.
D. Tear down the Ka’aba because idols had
been stored there.
A. Tell the word of God to the people.
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94
268. What is the importance of the Ka’aba to
Muslims?
A. The Ka’aba was the original home of
Muhammad.
B. They believe it was originally built by the
prophet Abraham.
C. This building is where most important
business deals were made in Mecca.
D. They believe it is the place where Gabriel
gave Muhammad the word of God.
B. They believe it was originally built by the
prophet Abraham.
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94
269. Why did Islam spread so quickly after
Muhammad’s death?
A. Muslim armies conquered empires that had
weakened over the years.
B. Muslims refused to trade with anyone who
would not convert to Islam.
C. There were no religions in that part of the
world to compete with Islam.
D. Jews and Christians were forced to convert to
Islam or face prison or death.
A. Muslim armies conquered empires that had
weakened over the years.
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94
270. What are the Five Pillars?
A. The first five books of the Qur’an.
B. The five columns that support the roof of the
Ka’aba.
C. Five beliefs shared by Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.
D. Five basic obligations that Muslims are
supposed to meet in their lives..
A. Five basic obligations that Muslims were
supposed to meet in their lives.
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94
271. Why do Muslims call Jews and Christians
“People of the Book”?
A. People belonging to these religions could
read.
B. Followers of all three religions were taken in
census records.
C. Much of the Old and New Testaments in
included in the Qur’an.
D. Jews and Christians were the first groups in
Southwest Asia who had a written language.
C. Much of the Old and New Testaments in
included in the Qur’an.
Reason for the Division
Between Shi’a and Sunni Muslims
GPS and E.Q.
• GPS: SS7G8d. Explain the reason for the
division between Sunni and Shi'a
Muslims.
• E.Q.: How are Sunni and Shi’a Muslims
different?
Why Islam has 2 Major Sects
• The principal issue centers on the
question of leadership after Muhammad
ascended into heaven.
Islam
Sunni
Shi’a
Sunni Islam – Elected Leader
• The Prophet Muhammad died without choosing a
successor to lead the Muslim community.
• The “Four Rightly Guided Caliphs” led Islam, one
after the other. They were friends with Muhammad.
• The first caliph to be elected was Abu Bakr,
Muhammad’s close friend, advisor, and father-inlaw. When he died, a 2nd caliph was elected; when
he died, a 3rd caliph was elected.
• Sunnis elect a qualified person to be their
caliph (leader).
Shi’ites
*Rulers must be
Muhammad’s descendants.
*10% of Muslims are Shi’ites.
*There are different Shi’a sects.
*They believe the soul can
migrate from 1 body to
another.
*The number 7 is sacred.
*Some Shi’ites recognize
12 imams
(successors); some
recognize 7.
*Some believe in a
hidden imam.
Some believe in a hidden imam
related to Muhammad
who didn’t die and
will reappear.
5 Pillars of
Islam
Sunnis
*90% of Muslims
are Sunni.
*They believe the
community can
elect the next leader.
*The leader can be any
devout Muslim with
proper qualifications.
*They say there is not
a current successor.
*They accept the first
3 caliphs as
Muhammad’s true
Successors.
Middle of Previous Venn Diagram
All Muslims should believe in the following things:
1. Allah is the creator of all things. Allah is all-powerful and knowledgeable
2. His angels record the good and bad deeds of every Muslim.
3. The prophet Mohammed is the messenger of God.
4. The Qur'an (the holy word of God revealed through Mohammed) and the Old
and New Testaments.
5. The Day of Judgment. This is when it is decided if you will go to Heaven or
Hell.
6. Predestination (the fate and future of each person that is decided by the Will
of Allah)
All Muslims should practice the five Pillars of Islam. (religious duties)
1. Witness - stating your belief in God.
2. Worship/Prayer - Praying to God five times a day facing Mecca.
3. Charity - giving 2.5% of your wealth to the poor each year.
4. Fasting - not eating, drinking, or smoking from dawn until dusk for the ninth
month of the Islamic calendar. (Ramadan)
5. Pilgrimage - Every person should visit the temple in Mecca (Saudi Arabia) at
least once in their lifetime.
Shi’a Islam
• The 4th caliph to be elected was
Muhammad’s cousin (blood relative), Ali
ibn Abi Talib,.
• Shi'a believe Ali was the first true caliph
after Muhammad, because he was related
to him.
• The Shi’a believe that Imams (leaders)
should come from Muhammad’s family.
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95
272. What issue led to the split between the Sunni and
Shi’a in Islam?
A. The Shi’a believed only Arabs could be Muslims.
B. Arguments began over what should be included in
the five Pillars.
C. The Shi’a wanted to change the direction of
prayer to Jerusalem rather than Mecca.
D. They disagreed over who should lead the Muslim
community after the death of Muhammad.
D. They disagreed over who should lead the Muslim
community after the death of Muhammad.
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95
273. Why were the four leaders of the Muslims after
Muhammad’s death called the “Four Rightly Guided
Caliphs??
A. They had been friends of Muhammad..
B. They had studied leadership for many years and
were well prepared to rule.
C. They arranged for a split in the community
between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims.
D. These men all ruled together so there could be no
question about their decisions.
A. They had been friends of Muhammad.
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95
Use graph on page 95.
274. What part of the population of Iran is Sunni?
A. 9%
B. 33%
C. 64%
D. 89%
A. 9%
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95
Use graph on page 95.
275. Which would be the BEST alternative for showing
these data in another way?
A. Use one circle graph.
B. Use 2 line graphs.
C. Use 2 circle graphs
D. Use a line graph with 2 lines of different colors
B. Use 2 circle graphs
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95
Use graph on page 95.
276. Which question could be answered using
information from the graph?
A. Which country has the most Shi’a Muslims?
B. What part of the population of Iran is Hindu?
C. What part of the population of Iraq is Christian?
D. Which country has the highest proportion of its
population as Shi’a Muslim?
D. Which country has the highest proportion of its
population as Shi’a Muslim?
Project
• Choose a religious holiday from Judaism,
Islam, or Christianity and make a poster.
• Due date to be announced
The Middle East: Literacy
VS. The Standard of Living
Guiding Question
• Does knowing how to read well affect
how long you live?
GPS and E.Q.
• GPS: SS7G8e. Evaluate how the literacy
rate affects the standard of living.
• E.Q.: How does the literacy rate affect the
standard of living?
Activity
• G8e Compare literacy rates and standard
of living in Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia,
Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan using a graphic
organizer (DRC).
– Standard of living = life expectancy, infant
mortality (death) rate, income, poverty rate
– Literacy rate = % of people age 15 and up who
can read and write
Use facts on following
slides to complete chart
DRC
Literacy VS. Standard of Living
STANDARD
OF LIVING
COUNTRY
Iraq
Iran
Turkey
Israel
Saudi
Arabia
Afghanistan
LIFE
INFANT
INCOME
EXPECTANCY MORTALITY (GDP
RATE
per
capita)
POVERTY LITERACY
RATE
RATE
Israel
‫ְמ ִדינַת י ְִש ָראֵ ל‬
• Infant mortality rate: total: 4.22 deaths/1,000 live
births
• Life expectancy at birth: total population: 80.73
years
• Average Income: $28,300 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line: 21.6%
– note: Israel's poverty line is $7.30 per person per day
(2005)
• Literacy: total population: 97.1%
– male: 98.5%
– female: 95.9% (2004 est.)
Iran
‫جمهوری اسالمی ایران‬
• Infant mortality rate: total: 35.78 deaths/1,000
live births
• Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.14
years
• Average Income: $12,800 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line: 18% (2007 est.)
• Literacy: total population: 77%
– male: 83.5%
– female: 70.4% (2002 est.)
Iraq
‫جمهوریة العراق‬
• Infant mortality rate: total: 43.82 deaths/1,000
live births
• Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.94
years
• Average Income: $3,700 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line: 20-25%
• Literacy: total population: 74.1%
– male: 84.1%
– female: 64.2% (2000 est.)
Saudi Arabia
• Infant mortality rate: total: 11.57 deaths/1,000
live births
• Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.3
years
• Average Income: $20,500 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line:1.6% to 30%
($320/mo or less)
• Literacy: total population: 78.8%
– male: 84.7%
– female: 70.8% (2003 est.)
Turkey
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
• Infant mortality rate: total: 25.78 deaths/1,000
live births
• Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.96
years
• Average Income: $11,900 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line: 20% (2002)
• Literacy: total population: 87.4%
– male: 95.3%
– female: 79.6% (2004 est.)
Afghanistan
‫افغانستان اسالمی جمهوری‬
• Infant mortality rate: total: 151.95 deaths/1,000
live births
• Life expectancy at birth: total population: 44.64
years
• GDP - per capita (PPP): $700 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line: 53% (2003)
• Literacy: total population: 28.1%
– male: 43.1%
– female: 12.6% (2000 est.)
United States
• Infant mortality rate: total: 6.22 deaths/1,000 live
births
• Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.11
years
• Income: $46,000 (2009 est.)
• Population below poverty line: 12%
• Literacy: total population: 99%
– male: 99%
– female: 99% (2006 est.)
Summary – Write your answer
in complete sentences at the
bottom of your chart.
• Which country had the highest literacy rate?
Which country had the highest standard of
living? How do these compare? Does
literacy affect the standard of living?