Transcript Religion in the United States

SU Tiping
School of English Studies
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Unit Goals
* To get a general knowledge of religions in America
 To learn the role religion plays in American life
 To get acquainted with some religious terms on
American religions
 To learn useful words and expressions concerning
religion in the U.S.A. and improve English language
skills
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Contents
I.Introduction
II. Religious Diversity
III. The Three Faiths
IV. Religious Liberty
V. Features of Religion
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Religion in the United States
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I. How religious are Americans?
II. Religious Diversity 宗教的多元化
III. Three main faiths 三大宗教信仰
— Protestants 新教
— Catholics 天主教
— Jews 犹太教
IV. Religious liberty 宗教自由
V. American characteristics of Religion 美国的宗教
特点
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I. How religious are Americans?

America seems to be
growing more religious
and more secular at the
same time.
Reinhold Niebuhr (1892－1971),
an American theologian
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I. How religious are Americans?
Religion is a very important part of life in America.

76% of American adult citizens identify
themselves as Christians.

15% (in 2008) of American adult population
have no religious affiliation – 44% in UK, 69%
in Sweden.

51% of American believe that God created
humans in their present form.

“ In God We Trust” are stamped on the coins.

There are churches , synagogues, and temples
in every part of the country.
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Christianity in the Unites States
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I. How religious are Americans?
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Pennsylvania was established by Quakers
Maryland by Roman Catholics
Massachusetts Bay Colony by Puritans.
Nine of the 13 colonies had official public
religions.
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Religion concerning Money
5美分硬币
1美分
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George Washington, the 1st & 2nd US President
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Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president
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Hamilton， the 1st finance minister
Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president of the United States
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Inauguration of US Presidents
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II Religious diversity

Christian: 78.4%
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Protestant 51.3%
Roman Catholic 23.9%
Mormon 1.7%
Jehovah’s Witness 0.7%
Orthodox 0.6%
Other Christian 0.3%
No religion 16.1%
Jewish 1.7%
Buddhist 0.7%
Muslim 0.6%
Hinduism 0.4%
Others 1.2% Taoism, Confucianism, Shintoism
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The Washington
National Cathedral,
located in the
capital.
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Crystal Cathedral, a megachurch in California
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The Salt Lake
Temple of The
Church of Jesus
Christ of Latterday Saints, in
Salt Lake City,
Utah is a well
known symbol
of the Church
and Mormonism
（摩门教）
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Mormonism


a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-Day Saints, a religion founded in the
US in 1830 by Joseph Smith Jr.
Joseph Smith claimed to have found and
translated The Book of Mormon by divine
revelation. It tells the story of a group of
Hebrews who migrated to America c.600 bc,
and is taken as scriptural alongside the Bible.
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Mormonism

The Mormons came into conflict with the US
government over their practice of polygamy
(officially abandoned in 1890) and moved
their headquarters from Illinois to Salt Lake
City, Utah, in 1847 under Smith's successor,
Brigham Young. Mormon doctrine
emphasizes tithing, missionary work, and the
Second Coming of Christ
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The Basilica of the National Shrine
of the Immaculate Conception in
Washington, D.C., is the largest
Roman Catholic Church in the USA.
Interior view
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Beth-El Temple in Birmingham, Alabama. （保守
派犹太教会堂）
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The Arhat Garden in
the temple 罗汉公园
Hsi Lai Temple (lit. Coming West Temple), a
Buddhist monastery(修道院) in Los Angeles,
California.
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Tibetan Buddhist temple in Seattle,
Washington
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The Islamic Center of
Washington in the
Capitol is a leading
American Islamic
Center.
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Malibu Hindu
Temple,
nestled in the
hills of
Calabasas，
California
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Detail of Malibu
Hindu Temple
in California.
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Plurality of religious preference by state, 2001
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北美洲
欧洲
非洲
亚洲
南美洲
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1. Protestantism

Protestantism is a movement in
Western Christianity whose
adherents（支持者, 拥护者）reject
the notion that divine (神的, 天赐的
)authority is channeled through
one particular human institution
or person such as the Roman
Catholic pope. Most of them
stress the Bible----the Hebrew
Scriptures( 希伯来文古本圣经）and
the new Testament( 圣经新约)-----as the source and the norm of
their teaching.
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The Development of Protestantism
Over 60% of Americans are Protestants. The
Protestant branch of the Christian faith broke away from
the Roman Catholic Church in Europe in the 16th century
because of important differences in religious beliefs and
religious practices. At the time of the Protestant
Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church was the center
of religious life in Western European countries. The
Catholic Pope and the priests played the role of parent to
the people in spiritual matters. They told people what was
right and wrong, and they granted them forgiveness for
sins against God and the Christian faith.
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The Protestants, on the other hand, insisted that all
individuals must stand alone before God. If people
sinned, they should seek their forgiveness directly
from God rather than from a priest . This meant every
individual was solely responsible for his or her own
relationship with God.
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After the Protestants broke away from the Catholic
Church, they found that they could not agree among
themselves about many things. Therefore, the
Protestants began to form separate churches, called
denominations (宗派, 教派 ). In the 1600s, the Catholic
Church did not recognize the rights of such Protestant
churches to exist, resulting in much bitterness among
some of the religious groups. Subsequently, many
Protestant denominations experienced religious
persecution,
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which eventually compelled many of them to leave their
native countries in order to have freedom to practice
their particular religious beliefs. Thus, among the early
settlers who came to America in the 1600s, there were
many Protestants seeking religious freedom, imprinting
the culture of the New World with a strong touch of
Protestantism from its earliest days.
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The lack of any established national religion in
America appealed strongly to European Protestants,
whether or not they were being persecuted. A large
number of Protestant denominations were established in
America. At first, some denominations hoped to force
their views and beliefs on others, but the colonies were
simply too large for any one denomination to gain
control over the others. The idea of separation of
church and state became accepted.
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When the Constitution was adopted in 1789, the
government was forbidden to establish a national church;
no denomination was to be favored over the others. The
government and the church had to remain separate.
Under these conditions, a great variety of different
Protestant denominations developed and grew, with each
denomination having a “live and let live” attitude toward
the others. Diversity was accepted and strengthened.
Today, the various Protestant denominations have
completely separate church organizations, and although
there were many similarities, there are also significant
differences in their religious teachings and beliefs.
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The Protestant Heritage
1. Self-Improvement
Christianity often emphasizes the natural sinfulness
of human nature. Unlike Catholics, protestants do not
go to priests for forgiveness of their sins; individuals
are left alone before God to improve themselves and
ask for God’s guidance, forgiveness, and grace. For this
reason, Protestantism has traditionally encouraged a
strong and restless desire for self-improvement.
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The need for self-improvement, once established,
reaches far beyond self-improvement in the purely
moral or religious sense. It can be seen in countless
books, which explain how people can be happier and
more successful in life by improving everything from
their vocabulary to their tennis game, or even their
whole personality. Books of this type are often referred
to as “self-help” books, and many are best-sellers..
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They are natural products of a culture in which people
believe that “God help those who help themselves.” In
addition, Americans attend thousands of self- help
seminars and support group meetings to help them stop
smoking or drinking, lose weight, be better parents,
have happier relationships, and develop self-confidence
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2. Material Success, Hard Work, and Self-Discipline
The achievement of material success is probably the
most widely respected from of self-improvement in the
United States. The philosophy--- commonly called the
Protestant work ethic (道德体系；行为准则) --- stresses the
moral value of work, self-discipline, and personal
responsibility. According to this ethic, people prove their
worth to themselves and to God by working hard, being
honest and thrifty, and avoiding luxury, excessive pleasure,
and waste. The accumulation of wealth is not considered
evil unless it leads to a life of idleness and sin.
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The Protestant work ethic has much in common with the
American emphasis on financial success, practicality
[,præktɪ’kælətɪ] (实用性) , efficiency and self-sufficiency.
Protestant leaders views the work of all people as
holy, not just that of priests. They also believe that the
capacity for self-discipline was holy characteristic blessed
by God. Self-discipline is often defined as the willingness
to save and invest one’s money rather than spend it on
immediate pleasures. Protestant tradition, therefore, may
have played an important part in creating a good climate
for the industrial growth of the United States.
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3. Volunteerism and Humanitarianism
The idea of self-improvement includes more than
achieving material gain through hard work and selfdiscipline. It also includes the idea of improving
oneself by helping others. Individuals, in other words,
make themselves into better persons by contributing
some of their time or money to charitable, educational,
or religious causes that are designed to help others.
This philosophy is sometimes called volunteerism or
humanitarianism [hju:mæni’teəriəniz(ə)m] (人道主义,博爱主义).
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The motive for humanitarianism and volunteerism is
strong: many Americans believe that they should
devote part of their time and wealth to religious or
humanitarian causes in order to be acceptable in the
eyes of God and in the eyes of other Americans. Many
businesses encourage their employees to do volunteer
work, and individuals may get tax deductions for
money given to charity.
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Different Protestant Groups
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Baptists(浸礼会): the largest; concentrated in the
Southern Bible Belt( Tennessee and nearby
states)
Methodists (循道公会，卫理公会): founded by
John Wesley
Presbyterians [,prezbɪ’tɪəri:ən], (长老会)
Episcopalians( 圣公会）
Quakers (also Society of Friends 公谊会）
the Salvation Army (救世会）
Unitarians(唯一神教）
Fundamentalists(原教旨主义者）
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在美国，新教通常指除天主教、东正教以外的其他基督
教派别。
美国新教主要派别大都深受法国著名宗教改革家约翰·
加尔文的神学思想影响，其核心是“预定论”和“选民论”
。
新教把《圣经》当作信仰的最终来源，同时也因对《
圣经》的理解不同而形成了不同的派别，主要有浸礼会、卫
斯理会、长老会、圣公会、公理会、路德会等。
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The Protestant Episcopal Church(圣公会)
1. It directly derived from the Church of England, has the
same form of services and organization or share the
same apostolic succession ( the passing on through
bishops and priests of powers)
2. The Episcopal [i’piskəpəl] Church of the U.S. refuses to
accept the supreme authority of the Bishop of Rome(
the Pope), but accepts the supreme authority of bishops
of its own Church.
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Episcopalian church
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The Protestant Episcopal Church(圣
公会)
原是英国国教在北美大陆的教会，也是北美第一个新
教会。
目前有教徒304万人，白人占95％。
是美国社会中精英的教会、富人的教会。美国开国总统
华盛顿就出身于圣公会，后来又有7位总统也来自该教
派。
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Baptists(浸礼会)
1. the largest Protestant group in the U.S. with 25 million
members and more than 20 branches.
2. they are concentrated particularly in the Southern Bible
Belt.
3. They have a liberal attitude toward the blacks and
courageously defend their beliefs in the equality of all
human beings before God, whatever their color.
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4. But the great majority seems to have difficulty in
reconciling their Christian belief and practice with their
racial prejudice.
5. Most of the blacks are Baptists, but they go to different
churches.
6. The first group of Baptists was founded in Amsterdam
by exile John Smyth, and then the Baptists Church was
established in London in 1612 by some of Smyth’s
followers.
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浸礼会（Baptist Churches）
又称浸信会，基督教新教主要宗派之一。
目前约有3400万人，占全国人口的19.4%。美国黑人中有
50％都是浸礼会教徒，白人教徒也占美国白人的15％。
1845年分为南、北两派。美国著名黑人运动领袖马丁·路
德·金即是南方浸礼会的牧师。
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美国著名黑人运动领袖
马丁·路德·金即是南方
浸礼会的牧师。
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Methodists (循道公会，卫理公会)
1. one of the most numerous Protestants, next to
Baptists.
2. 13 million members in the world, about 2/3 being in
the U.S.
3. Methodists are united in the Methodist Church. Its
theology is American, its church service like that of
the Church of England,
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4. Its governing body is the Conference ( the annual
meeting), which is composed of ministers.
5. Historically, it sprung up from the revival within the
Church of England led by Charles Wesley（查尔斯·
卫斯理）in 1729, rapidly spread after 1739 in England
and North America and formally separated from the
Church of England.
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a Methodist church
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Methodists (循道公会，卫理公会)
也叫卫斯理会，或叫循道会，是美国新教的第二大宗派
。目前约有教徒1400万人，其中86％是白人。
该派是英国人约翰·卫斯理及其兄弟查尔斯于18世纪初
创立的。
强调为社会服务，经常向广大贫苦工人布道，为穷人服
务。是典型的中产阶级的宗教。
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摩门教(Mormonism)
Mormonism
is the religion practiced by Mormons, and is the
predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement.
This movement was founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. beginning in the
1820s as a form of Christian primitivism. During the 1830s and 1840s,
Smith gradually distinguished itself from traditional Protestantism,
and what is called Mormonism today represents the new, nonProtestant faith taught by Smith in the 1840s. After Smith's death,
most Mormons followed Brigham Young to the Rocky Mountains as
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Other
branches of Mormonism include Mormon fundamentalism, which
seeks to maintain practices and doctrines such as polygamy that were
discontinued by the LDS Church, and various other small
independent denominations.
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
The term Mormon derived from
the Book of Mormon, one of the
faith's religious texts. Based on
the name of that book, early
followers of founder Joseph
Smith, Jr. were called Mormons,
and their faith was called
Mormonism. The term was
initially considered pejorative, but
is no longer considered so by
Mormons.
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
Mormon theology is a form of Christian primitivism that shares a
common set of beliefs with the rest of the Latter Day Saint movement,
including use of, and belief in, the Bible, as well as other religious
texts including the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants. It
differs from other Latter Day Saint movement traditions in that it also
accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of its canon, and it has a
history of teaching eternal marriage, eternal progression, and plural
marriage (although the LDS Church had abandoned the practice by
the early 20th century). Cultural Mormonism includes a lifestyle
promoted by the Mormon institutions, and includes cultural Mormons
who identify with the culture, but not necessarily the theology.
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
《无价珍珠》（英文：Pearl of Great Price）是摩门
教先知 Joseph Smith, Jr. 小斯密约瑟留下的作品的选
录，是耶稣基督后期圣徒教会（俗称摩门教）的标准
经文四部经典中的其中之一, 也是一些后期圣徒运动
分支宗派的教会经典。无价珍珠包含斯密约瑟圣经译
本（灵感版）的摘录、翻译自埃及苇草纸中先知亚伯
拉罕的纪录、斯密约瑟的见证和历史的摘录，还有耶
稣基督后期圣徒教会的信条。 无价珍珠内容的呈现方
式为：摩西书5：19。
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摩门教于1830年由约瑟夫·史密斯创立。该教新奇怪诞的教义
被当时的新教徒视为异端，到处受到排挤。随后，在教派领袖
杨伯翰的带领下，上万名摩门教徒为了逃避进一步的迫害，来
到犹他州，用40年的时间建起盐湖城和一座大教堂。这座摩门
教圣殿极其辉煌壮观，被列为世界奇观之一。1890年，犹他州
正式并入美国后，摩门教才开始逐渐为美国社会所接受。
摩门教的信仰在许多方面与天主教和新教保守教会相同，除《
圣经》外，记载史密斯得到上帝启示的《摩门经》是最主要的
经典。今天生活中的摩门教徒遵纪守法，戒烟戒酒，重视家庭
和婚姻。
盐湖城现成为该教会先驱者借着信心及自己的信仰所建立的城
市，目前超过半数当地人士为后期圣徒，使盐湖城成为美国犯
罪率和离婚率最低的大城市。
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
刚成立的后期圣徒教会，被当时美国的主流宗教
基督教（新教）所逼迫，因为其教宣传一夫多妻制
度，其后斯密·约瑟被杀害，由杨·百翰带领教徒到
美国中部犹他州大盐湖山谷(utah, salt lake city)，
并于1847年在该处安定发展起来，也因此教会的总
会位于盐湖城。事实上，盐湖城是此教会早期的教
友凭借对神的信心拓荒所建成的一座城市。此在全
世界的城市发展史上极为罕见且特殊。该教会的教
友目前已遍布全球各国。据教会最新发表数字，信
徒人数达至1,200多万，而超过半数居于北美洲以外
。
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摩门教教堂

摩门教(Mormonism)这个词是个不正确的称呼。
正确的名称是耶稣基督后期圣徒教会(The
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)。
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2. Catholics
( Roman Catholic Church天主教)
1. Although the largest church is of the
Protestant faith, the largest single religious
group is that of Roman Catholics. More
than ¼ of all Americans are now of Roman
Catholics faith. They represent 26.2% of
the U.S. population ( the 4 large Protestant
groups, the Baptists, Methodists,
Presbyterians , Episcopalians represent
31.9% of the population).
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2. The majority of the Catholics are descendants of
immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Poland.
3. While Protestantism has claimed that Christ is the one
true road to salvation and Judaism that it is th etrue way
for Jews, Cathokicism emphasizes another conception--the Catholic Church is the one true church, according
to the traditional Catholicism, at least. Te hCatholic
Church claims, e.g., that it is the only institution with
knowledge of religious and moral law. Christ is the
bridge between God and man.
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4. Anti-Catholic prejudice was strong. More often
prejudice took the form of discrimination.
John F. Kennedy’s presidential election victory put to
rest the catholic religion as an issue in national
politics.
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Catholics ( Roman Catholic Church天主教)
早期的美国天主教徒有大批是贫苦的农民和低收入者
，与充斥上流社会的白人主流教会相比，美国天主教长期
被称作“穷人的宗教”。
目前，美国天主教徒大概有6200万人，占全国人口的
26%。
1960年，肯尼迪成为美国有史以来担任总统的第一位
天主教徒，体现出美国社会已经接纳天主教。
比起松散的美国新教教会，天主教会内部有一套完整
严密的组织体系，这是天主教有别其他宗教的一大特点。
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3. The Eastern Orthodox Church
(东正教)
1. Its members are found chiefly in eastern and
southeastern Europe and the neighboring religions of
Asia and Africa. There are about 140 million of its
members in the world. In America it has about 5 million
members.
2. Historically, it was one part of the Christian church, and
became separated from western Christendom in 1054
when it refused to accept the supremacy of the Pope .
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
东正教（Eastern Orthodox Church） 又称正教、希腊正教
、东方正教，是基督教其中的一个派别，主要是指依循由东
罗马帝国（又称“拜占庭帝国”）所流传下来的基督教传统
的教会，它是与天主教、基督新教并立的基督教三大派别之
一，“正教”的希腊语（Orthodxia）意思是正统。如果以“
东部正统派”的主要的和狭义的定义来分，“东部”教会里
人数最多的教会是俄罗斯正教会和罗马正教会。而欧洲正教
会（不分东西边）最古老的则是希腊正教会。若是以英语系
国家的西方人惯用的用法来分，“东部正统派”有较广的定
义，也包含了“东方正统教会”（“Oriental Orthodox”中
文字面意思和东正教一样，但两者是不同的教会）。
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4. Religions beyond Christianity
1. others religions like Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism,
Shinto (日本的神道教,1945年前为日本国教) , Bahai (
巴哈伊教) , and Islam.
2. Judaism is the Jewish religion. It rejects polytheism
[’pɔliθi:,izəm](多神论) and worships one God, the
Creator. This monotheism[’mɔnəuθi:izəm](一神论) ,
inherited by both Christianity and Islam, is the heart of
the Jewish experience. 13 million Jewish population in
the world, half of them live in U.S. and hold 3% of all
the American population.
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犹太教的起源
众所周知, 中东的幼发拉底河[1]和底格里斯河流域是人类文明的最早发
祥地之一。在那里, 早在公元前2300年, 美索不达米亚文化就达到了相当发
达的程度。大约3800年前, 当美索不达米亚文明已经趋于衰败时,一位名叫亚
伯拉罕(Abram)的人从两河流域南部的乌尔(Ur)经巴比伦(Babylon)、马利
(Mari)、哈兰(Haran)迁徙到被称作迦南(Canaan)的地方(即现在的巴勒斯坦
地方), 几经辗转后定居在别是巴(Beersheba)。 据《圣经》的描述, 亚伯兰
的这次迁徙乃是受上帝指使的：“耶和华对亚伯兰说, 你要离开本地、本族
、父家，往我指示你的地去。我必叫你成为大国。我必赐福给你, 叫你的名
为大, 你也叫别人得福。为你祝福的，我必赐福与他；那咒诅你的, 我必咒
诅他。地上的万族都要因你得福”(《创世记》12：1－3)。在亚伯兰99岁时
，耶和华又与他立约，令其子孙繁多，并赐迦南地为他们永久的基业(《创世
记》17：2－22)。此后，亚伯兰更名亚伯拉罕(Abaraham)。 亚伯拉罕生子以
撒(Isaac), 以撒生子雅各(Jacob)。他们就是通常所说的犹太人的列祖
(Patriarchs), 也是犹太教的最早奠基人。
73
犹太教
17世纪中期，来自巴西的23名犹太人定居在现今的纽约。
此后，世界各地的犹太人陆续移民到美国。目前美国的犹太人
约有五百多万，占全国人口总数的2.4%左右。
犹太人在很多领域，特别是商业、金融、新闻、律师、电
影等行业取得了令人瞩目的成就，涌现出一大批精英人物。如
获得诺贝尔奖的一百多名美国学者中，有近半数是犹太人；《
纽约时报》和《华盛顿邮报》都是由犹太家族创办的；在金融
界有“犹太人控制华尔街”之说，格林斯潘和索罗斯都是犹太
人；而在政界，犹太人的表现也十分突出，如基辛格和奥尔布
赖特都出身于犹太家庭；纽约自由女神像的基座上刻的十四行
诗《新巨人》，也出自犹太女诗人扎拉鲁斯之手。
74
3. over 2 million members of the Islamic religion live in
America. Some are immigrants or the children of
immigrants. Others are Americans, including some
black Americans who have converted to Islam.
伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世
界三大宗教。中国旧称大食法、大食教、天方教、清真教
、回回教、回教等。截止到2009年底，世界人口约68亿人
口中，穆斯林总人数是15.7亿， 分布在204个国家的地区
，
占全世界的23%。
Islamic Star and crescent (月牙)
75
伊斯兰（a1一Islam)系阿拉伯语音译，原意为“顺从”、“和
平”，又称伊斯俩目，指顺从和信仰宇宙独一无二的最高主宰
安拉及其意志，以求得两世的和平与安宁。信奉伊斯兰教的人
统称为“穆斯林”(Muslim，意为“顺从者”与伊斯兰
“Islam”是同一个词根)。7世纪初兴起于阿拉伯半岛，由麦加
的古莱什部族人穆罕默德(约570～632，阿拉伯文‫）مح ّمد‬所复兴
。公元七世纪至十七世纪，在伊斯兰的名 义下，曾经建立了倭
马亚、阿拔斯、法蒂玛、印度德里苏丹国家、土耳其奥斯曼帝
国等一系列大大小小的封建王朝。经过一千多年的历史沧桑，
这些盛极一时的封建王朝都已成了 历史陈迹。但是作为世界性
宗教的“伊斯兰”却始终没有陨落。起初，伊斯兰作为一个民
族的宗教，接着作为一个封建帝国的精神源泉，然后又作为一
种宗教、文化和政治的力量，一种人们生活的方式，在世界范
围内不断地发展着，乃至成为21世纪世界的三大宗教之一。
76
77
4. Buddhism is a growing faith in America. Recent
immigration from Asia has raised the number of
Buddhists in America to several hundred thousand – no
one seems quite sure how many.
佛教(Buddhism)：世界三大宗教之一，由公元前6-前5世纪印
度的迦毗罗卫国（今尼泊尔境内）王子所创，他的名字是悉达
多 (S.Siddhārtha, P. Siddhattha)，他的姓
是乔达摩(S. Gautama, P. Gotama)。因为他属
于释迦 (Sākya)族，人们又称他为释迦牟尼，
意思是释迦族的圣人。广泛流传于亚洲的许多
国家。西汉末年经丝绸之路传入我国。
78
5. several hundred thousand Hindus have also come to
America. In recent years, young native-born Americans
have shown great interest in these and other eastern
religions and philosophies.

印度教源于古印度韦陀教及婆罗门教，是世界主要宗教之一。
它拥有10.5亿信徒（1993年统计数），仅次于拥有15亿信徒的
基督教和11亿信徒的伊斯兰教。所谓“印度教”是存在于印度
本土上的宗教、哲学、文化和社会习俗的综合称谓，它的信仰
、哲学、伦理观点等复杂多样，甚至相互矛盾。印度的
社会等级、集团和不同的文化阶层有着各自相
异的信仰和实践。这种综合性、多样性使人们
很难对印度教的信仰和特征作出公认、明确的
定义。
79
“WASP” culture

“WASP”, which stands for “White AngloSaxon Protestants”, is believed to be the
basis of the mainstream culture of the
United States.
盎格鲁撒克逊白人新教文化被认为是美国
主流文化的基础。
80
Early American religions







By the middle of the 18th century, many different
kinds of Protestants lived in America.
Lutherans信义宗 from Germany
Dutch Reformed Church荷兰归正宗flourished in
New York and New Jersey
Presbyterians长老会 from Scotland
Huguenots 胡格诺会from France
Congregationalists公理会 Puritans dominated in
Massachusetts, New England area
Although the Church of England was an established
church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by
side in relative harmony.
81
The Great Awakening

The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a “revival”
movement which sought to breathe new
feeling and strength into religion, cut across
the lines of Protestants religious groups, or
denominations.
18世纪40年代的宗教大复兴运动力图把新的
感觉和新的力量注入北美各殖民地人民的宗教
信仰中去。这次“复兴”运动打破了新教各派
的界限。
82
The Great Awakening大觉醒/宗教大觉醒
The term Great Awakening (or The Great
Awakening) is used to refer to a period of
religious revival in American religious
history. The First Great Awakening began
in 1734 and lasted to about 1750.
Ministers
from
various
Protestant
denominations supported the Great
Awakening. It resulted from powerful
preaching that gave listeners a sense of
personal guilt and of their need of
salvation by Christ.
Jonathan Edwards
乔纳森·爱德华兹
George Whitefield
83
怀特菲尔德
The Effects of the Great Awakening
Though a religious movement, the Awakening had
effects not only in religion, but in cultural and political
spheres as well.
The major effect of the Awakening was a rebellion
against authoritarian religious rule.
Revivalism in the colonies opposed the notion of a single
truth or a single church. As preachers visited town after
town, sects began to break off larger churches and a
multitude of Protestant denominations sprouted.—
religious diversity
84
The Effects of the Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening is considered as a
forerunner to the American Revolution.

The movement played a key role in the
development of democratic concepts in the
period of the American Revolution. This helped
create a demand for the separation of church
and state.
85

18世纪中期北美殖民地的新教复兴运动。发
起人为到北美传道的荷兰归正教会牧师富瑞林
怀森。该运动以奋兴传道方式来激发信徒的宗
教情感。运动的主要领导人爱德华滋和怀特菲
尔德均强调宗教感情和个人对上帝的爱，大大
促进了宗教生活的自由化、个人化和民主化。
由于该运动着重强调个人的悔改重生，倡导严
格的道德和敬虔的生活，所以被认为是17～18
世纪初德国虔敬派和英国福音奋兴派在北美的
回音。
86

John Locke reasoned that the right to govern
comes from an agreement or “social contract”
voluntarily entered into by free people.自理的权
力来自于一种协议，或社会契约，这是由自由民众自愿缔
结的。
87

A few American were so influenced by the
new science and new ideas of the
enlightenment in Europe欧州的启蒙运动 that
they became deists自然神论者, believing that
reason teaches that God exist but leaves
man free to settle his own affairs相信理智教导
人们上帝是存在的，但上帝允许人类自由地处理
自己的事物
88
自然神论者推崇理性原则，把上帝解释为非人格的
始因的宗教哲学理论。
自然神论,又称理神论。在著名的《英语词典》中，把
自然神论定义为“那些只承认一位上帝，不接受任何
启示宗教的人们的观念”。自然神论反对蒙昧主义和
神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的 “奇迹”；
认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；
上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之
后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律
存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”或“自然宗教”
代替“天启宗教
89


Many protestants and deists could agree
“all men are created equal, endowed with
certain unalienable rights”
and “the laws of Nature and Nature’s God”
entitled them to form a new nation. 自然规律
和创造自然的上帝赋于他们权力建立一个新国家
90
III. Religious Pluralism and Liberty
Unlike other nations where religion tends to be
monolithic[,mɔnə’lɪθɪk](整体的; 庞大的）or unitary[
’ju:nitəri] （单一的）, America is known, among other
things, for its religious pluralism. There are at least
three reasons for this religious diversity.
91

For one thing, the U.S. Constitution guarantees
every individual the fundamental right to
practice his own religious belief.

For another, the fundamental American belief in
individual freedom has been at the center of
American experience throughout his history.

For still another, as a nation of immigrants, the
great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has given
rise to multiplicity of religious beliefs.
92

Indeed, religious beliefs and religious organizations
are so numerous in the United States that it is no
exaggeration to say that almost any important religious
belief in the world can find its expression on the
American soil.
Religious liberty means an inalienable [ɪn’eɪljənəbəl](不
可分割的) right to practice any or no religion. In America
those whose religion forbids them to fight can perform
other services instead of becoming soldiers. The
government does not pay ministers’ salaries or require
any belief as a condition of holding public office.
93


The First Amendment of the Constitution to the
Constitution of the US forbade the new federal
government to give special favors to any religion or
to hinder the free practice, or exercise of religion.
Forbid Congress to make any law “respecting an
establishment of religion or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof[法律用语](前面提到的"of"之后的内容）.”
94
III. Religious liberty in the US
1.


Guarantees of religious liberty
The Declaration of Independence: All men
are created equal, that they are endowed
by their creator with certain unalienable
rights.
First Amendment to the Constitution
95
2. Definition of religious liberty
 Freedom of conscience.
 Religious liberty, an inalienable right.
 Right to practice any or no religion.
96
Religious Liberty




Among the rights that new nation guaranteed,
freedom of religion was political necessity in a
religiously diverse society.
The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United
States forbade the new federal government to give
special favors to any religion or to hinder the free
practice, or exercise, of religion.
The United States have no state-supported religion.
The government supports all religions.
97



The policy maker hope to insure that diversity
of religious beliefs would never become the
source of social or political injustice or
disaffection.
American courts have become more sensitive
in recent years to the rights of people who do
not believe in any God or religion.
Protestant religion and republican forms of
government, they felt, went hand in hand
(agreeable).
98
“three faiths” model of the
united states

By the 1950s, a kind of “three faiths” model of
the united states had developed. protestant,
catholic and Jewish
99
Protestants in the United
States

The majority of Americans (60%) belong to the
protestant church

Main denominations of the protestant church 新教的
主要教派
the Baptists– white and black 浸礼教派
20 branches
the Methodists 卫理公派教徒
Diversity of protestants 新教派别
Other small denominations 小教派



100
The Baptist


The Baptist are the largest protestant group
They believe in adult baptism by immersion,
symbolizing a mature and responsible
conversion experience.他相信将身体浸在水中
的成年人洗礼仪式，认为这象征转变为成熟和负
有责任心
101

There were 25 million members of Baptists
(19.4% of the population) as a main strength,
which were divided more than 20 branches
and concentrated in southern bible belt in the
U.S..
102



Some White Baptists have liberal attitudes
toward the blacks and stand up courageously
in difficult circumstances for their beliefs in
the equality of all human beings before God
The majority practiced their Christian beliefs
with their racial prejudice
Most blacks are Baptist too, but they go to
different churches from the white.
103
Methodists


Methodists (2nd largest in Protestant)
adherents of the group which grew up in 18th
century following the lead of John Wesley in
England.
Most Methodists are united in the Methodist
Church, which has a form of service based
on that of the church of England
104
Diversity of protestants



There are more than 100 other protestant
sects, with combined membership of more
than 20 million
They express variety rather than doctrinal
schism教义上的差别
Some extremely intolerant( highly emotional
and hysterical approach) / Some pragmatic in
adapting themselves to modern society.
105

Four of the smaller sects are really quite
large, with 2 million or more members. There
are Latter Day Saints, the churches of Christ,
the united Church of Christ and the
International convention of Disciples of Christ.
现代基督教圣徒派，耶稣教，联合耶稣教，国
际耶稣信徒会
106
Catholics



The largest single religious group is that of
Roma Catholics
More ¼ Americans are of the Roman
Catholic faith
The majority of the Catholics are
descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italy
and Poland. /they were concentrated in New
York and Massachusetts, still main
population in those two states
107


By the civil war, over a million Irish Catholic,
driven by hunger, had come to the untied
states.
And there was Anti-Catholic prejudices in U.S.
at that time, the Catholics were discriminated
against. Anti-Catholics prejudice was so
strong that, on a few occasions, it broke out
in mob violence.
108


Kennedy was Roman Catholic.
by 1960, however, John F. Kennedy’s
presidential election victory put to rest the
catholic religion as an issue in national
politics.
109
The Jews




Until the late 19th century, most Jews in
American were of German origin.
Many of them belonged to the Reform
movement, a liberal branch of Judaism which
had made many adjustment to modern life.
when Jews began coming to America in great
numbers, anti-Semitism反犹太主义appeared
They formed an organization to compact
prejudice.
110


anti-defamation League反诽谤联盟 help
Jewish defend against injustice : It played a
major role in educating Americans about the
injustice of prejudice and making them aware
of the rights, not only of Jews, but of all
minorities
Many Jewish remained religiously observant/
Others continued as ethnically Jewish,
adopted a secular, nonreligious outlook.
111
Religious Diversity




experimental tradition
small sects and cults
social disputes
pastors
112
Experimental tradition


Many religious communities (宗教团体) and
secular utopias (世俗的乌托邦组织)，
experiments in new forms of social living (试
验新的生活方式的团体),were founded in 18th
and 19th century America.
Many small sects（教派）and cults(信徒)
appear in American society all the time.
113



① they regard the larger society as hopelessly
corrupt. Prohibition of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine
are common.
② dramatic expectations about the futurepredictions of the end of the world or the dawning of
a new age-form the main tenets, or doctrines, of the
group.
③ often the founder is a charismatic有魅力的
person, dynamic personality who claims some
special revelation启示 or relationship with God.
114



Some groups never win a large following
Others grow smaller or disappear when the
founder dies or his prophecies fail to come
true.
Other prosper, win large followings and
“graduate” into the high ranks
115



Amish want to be left alone in their rural
communities. They wish to keep their children
out of high school so they will not be affected
by modern society
Some prefer faith healing to modern medicine
or object to certain medical practices.
Mormons, settled the state of Utah
116
Other religions are increasing their numbers
and influence in America.
1.Over 2 million members of the Islamic religion
live in America. immigrants or the children,
some Americans converted to Islam
2. Buddhism is a growing faith in America.
Recent immigration from Asia
3.Several hundred thousand Hindus have also
come to America. Young Americans have
shown great interest in these

117
American pastors are as varied as the
flocks they serve.



The protestant Episcopal church圣公会 now ordains
women as priests/ catholic have all-male clergy.
The united Methodist church卫理公 has appointed
women as bishops, women can also be ordained as
rabbis法师 among some Jewish congregations.
Catholic nuns teach and manage large hospitals.
118
American pastors of churches are expected to
be active in the civic affairs of their
communities.


Often they have psychological training and spend
part of their time counseling people with personal
problems.
They preach to congregations in different kinds of
churches
119
V. Distinctive Features of American
Religious Institutions
1. Lack of a State Established Church
Government and religion are more thoroughly separated in the
U.S. The absence of a state established church is central to the
character of religious institutions in America.
As private
associations, all religious bodies are legally equal to each other.
Although religious groups throughout the society are stamped by
recognizably “American” qualities, they are diverse, pluralistic and
incessantly changing. Therefore, American religion is cultural
rather than organizational; diffuse(四散的) convergence (集中)
rather than an authoritative and centrally controlled system of
beliefs and symbols.
120
2. Diversity of Religious Groupings
Religion in U.S., as mentioned before, is
characterized by diversity, or pluralism. There are more
than 300 denominations and cults[kʌlt](异教团体) in
the U.S. This great diversity has been encouraged by a
cultural setting that has given free play to the
dispersive(分散的) tendencies of Protestantism and to
leaders with new revelations. Most of the
denominations are quite small. Religious bodies having
50,000 or more members account for more than 90% of
church memberships, whereas the remaining less than
10% is through more than 200 groupings.
121
3. Organizational Forms
Variety of system and values in American religious
cultures is paralleled by diversity in organizational forms.
Three main ideal-types of church organization can be
distinguished: the Episcopal(主教派的), the
Presbyterian[,prezbɪ’tɪəri:ən] (长老派的), and the
congregational (公理会的). The essential differences can
be: the Episcopal type is ecclesiastical [ɪ,kli:zi:’æstɪkəl] (教会
的) hierarchy (等级); the Presbyterian is the constituent
church bodies; the congregational is the individual believer.
122
4. Separation of Church and State
The First Amendment of the US. Constitution says:
“ Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof.” It guarantees right to freedom of
religion. It also ensures that the government does not
act in the interest or disinterest of religion.
Accordingly, no government, either state of federal,
should openly or secretly participate or interfere in the
affairs of any religious organizations or groups, and
vise versa.
123
However, in light of the foundation of the nation
and the background of its religion, it is impossible to
uproot religious influence in state affairs though it is
nominal. Christmas is a national holiday, and each
year a Christmas tree is erected in the white House
and the President is expected to make at least a show
of religious party. Politicians frequently discuss their
religion and many churches and religious figures are
highly politically active.
124
宗教与教育
美国高等教育今天如此发达和完善，早期教会的贡献
功不可没。1630年前往北美的1000名清教徒中，大约有100
人分别毕业于英国剑桥大学和牛津大学。这些人仿照剑桥
大学，于1636年建立了美国第一座高等院校----剑桥学院
，即：哈佛大学的前身。
其他教派也先后创建了许多著名的大学，如：长老会
的耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学，圣公会的威廉·玛丽学院、
宾夕法尼亚大学、哥伦比亚大学，浸礼会的布朗大学，归
正宗的王后学院，加上达特沃思学院，这9所殖民时期的大
学就是美国著名的“常春藤大学”。
今天，美国仍有八百多所教会大学，约占全国大学总
数的1/4，是私立大学的主体，而且教学内容丰富多样，在
美国高等教育中仍起着重要作用。
125




1. Religion appeared because people felt puzzled about
the mystery of nature.
2. In the Middle Ages, religion developed.
3. During its development, religion hindered the growth
of society and science.
4. Obviously, in modern America, religion is only a
kind of thought.
126
127
128
美国加州的水晶大教堂

1968年的春天，罗伯•舒乐博士决心在美国加州建造一座
水晶大教堂。他向著名的设计师菲力普•强生说出了自己的梦
想： “我要建造的不是一座普通的大教堂，而是要建造一座
人间的伊甸园。” 菲力普•强生问他：“预算需用多少钱？
” ；罗伯•舒乐博士坦率而明确地回答：“我现在一分钱也
没有，对我来说，是100万美元还是400万美元的预算没有本
质上的区别。重要的是，这座水晶大教堂本身一定要具有足
够的魅力来吸引捐款。” 后来，水晶大教堂的预算初步定为
700万美元。这700万美元对于当时的；罗伯•舒乐博士来说，
不仅是一个超出他能力范围的数字，而且也是超出了众人理
解范围的数字。 当天夜里，罗伯•舒乐博士拿出一页白纸，
在最上面写下“700万美元”，接着又写下10行字:
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
1．寻找1笔700万美元的捐款。

2．寻找7笔100万美元的捐款。

3．寻找14笔50万美元的捐款。

4．寻找28笔25万美元的捐款。

5．寻找70笔10万美元的捐款。

6．寻找100笔7万美元的捐款。

7．寻找140笔5万美元的捐款。

8．寻找280笔2．5万美元的捐款。

9．寻找700笔1万美元的捐款。

10．卖掉1万扇窗户，每扇700美元。
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从此，罗伯•舒乐博士开始了苦口婆心、坚持不懈的漫长
募捐生涯。
到第60天的时候，富商约翰•可林被水晶大教堂奇特而美
妙的模型所打动，罗伯•舒乐博士得到了100万美元的第一笔
捐款。
到第65天的时候，一位听了罗伯•舒乐博士演讲的农民夫
妇，捐出了1000美元。
到第90天的时候，一位被罗伯•舒乐博士孜孜以求精神所
感动的陌生人，开出了一张100万美元的银行支票。
到第8个月的时候，一名捐款者对罗伯•舒乐博士说：
“如果你的努力能筹到600万美元，那剩下的100万美元就由
我来支付。”
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到第二年的时候，罗伯•舒乐博士以每扇窗户500美元的
价格请求美国人认购水晶大教堂的窗户，付款的方法为每月
50美元，10个月分期付清。
实际情况比预想的要好得多，还不足6个月，一万多扇窗
户就全部认购完毕。 建造水晶大教堂共用掉了2000万美元，
比最初预算多得多，全部是罗伯•舒乐博士一点一滴筹集来的。
1980年9月，历时12年，可容纳一万人的水晶大教堂全部
竣工，成为世界建筑史上的一个奇迹，也成为世界各地前往
加州的人必去瞻仰的胜景——名副其实的人间伊甸园。
后来，罗伯•舒乐博士经常这样讲：不是每个人都应该像
我这样去建造一座水晶大教堂，但是每个人都应该拥有自己
的梦想，设计自己的梦想，追求自己的梦想，实现自己的梦
想。梦想是生命的灵魂，是心灵的灯塔，是引导人走向成功
的信仰。有了崇高的梦想，只要矢志不渝地追求，梦想就会
成为现实，奋斗就会变成壮举，生命就会创造奇迹。
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American Character of religion


1. Americans with different religions live
together under the same law. The Bill of
Right of U.S. provided that where is no state
religion and that church and state must be
separated.
2. the religious beliefs of Americans continue
to be strong with social progress. The
majority of Americans pour into the churches
every Sunday morning.
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
3. Every church in U.S. is completely
independent organization, and concerned
with it own finance and its own building.
There has been little concentration on
doctrine or religious argument.
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Social disputes


Questions reflect continuing conflicts in American
life.
When a 1973 Supreme Court decision made
abortion legal in America, many Catholics were
shocked. Many evangelical Protestants and
Orthodox Jews also objected. 1973年，美国最高法院
宣布堕胎合法，许多天主教徒对次裁决感到震惊。新教
福音派、以及正统犹太教都反对堕胎。

Yet more liberal Protestant and Jewish clergymen
joined non-believers in maintaining that abortion is
a basic right in a pluralistic, or religiously varied,
society. 自由新教徒和犹太教牧师加入到信仰者之列，
坚持认为流产是妇女的一项基本权利。
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Four trends



(1)Change from a “Protestant-CatholicJewish nation” to a one with multiple
religions.
(2)swithing of faith: from one Protestant
denomination to another, or even from one
faith to another
(3)many new religious organizational
structures emerge (fragmentation, Michael J
Weiss)
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Four trends






(4)a new spirituality especially among young
Americans.
Identify themselves as being spiritual rather than
religious
Explore several religions rather than just one
22% young men believe in reincarnation
Majority: Judeo-Christian
同是犹太教与基督教的,犹太教与基督教所共有的
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