Transcript Ancient America

Ancient America
World History
Kehoe-France Northshore
Mr. Robert B. Tate Jr.
04 Dec 06
Homework 10 Jan 011
 Read
158-159
 Complete Apply It
Question 1-3
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Homework 11 Jan 12
 Read
162-165
 Complete WB 38
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Homework 12 Jan 012
 Read
166-167
 Complete WB 39 and 40.
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Homework 18 Jan 2012
 Read
168-173
 Complete WB 41
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Homework 20 Jan 2012
Essay Question
Complete the following question in
your notebook: Suppose you were a
trader who lived in Olmec times.
Write a description of some of the
Olmec objects that you would like
to trade with other people.
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Homework 24 Jan 2012
 Read
174-180
 Complete Questions 1-5
page 180
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Homework 25 Jan 2012
20 points
 On
page 182 and 183
complete the following
sections:
 Places and People
 Facts and Main Ideas
 Apply Skills
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Test
Mesoamerica
27 Jan 2012
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Compare and Contrast
 Objective:
Analyze information by
comparing and contrasting.
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Compare and Contrast

Lets compare and contrast the
angels in this picture. Pull out a
piece of loose leaf and write down
what you see and then complete a
Venn diagram of the picture.
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Compare and Contrast
 Lets
discuss your findings.
Who would like to write
them on the board.
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Compare and Contrast
 Everyone
open your book to
page 158.
 Lets review your responses to
the apply it questions.
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Compare and Contrast
1. They all existed in the
same region; were based
on agriculture; built stone
cities and temples; all left
written records; all left
artifacts behind.
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Compare and Contrast
2. They existed in different
parts of the Americas; not
all of them built stone
cities or mounds; not all
of them left ruins or
hieroglyphics.
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Compare and Contrast
3. Technique comes from the
Greek word TEKNE which
means “art or skill.” Technical
and technician are byproducts
of this word. A technician
knows the art and skill of his or
her work, which is technical
work.
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Compare and Contrast
 Complete
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WB37.
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Homework 11 Jan 12
 Read
162-165
 Complete WB 38
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Homework 12 Jan 12
 Read
166-167
 Complete WB 39and 40.
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Ancient MesoAmerica
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Chapter 6 Lesson 1 Objectives
Describe the location of
Mesoamerica
 List and describe major physical
features of Mesoamerica
 Name three important crops that
Mesoamericans grew
 Explain how early people of
Mesoamerica used the natural
resources of their environment
 Describe the influences of the
climate and landscapes on the
Mesoamerican peoples

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Chapter 6 Lesson 1
Geography of Mesoamerica
 What
is unique about the
geography of Mesoamerica?
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Quick Summary
 Mesoamerica
is a land of
rugged mountains,
plateaus, volcanoes, and
highlands.
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Mesoamerica
 What
was
the Ice Age
and when did
it occur?
A time about 40,000 years ago
when the Earth’s climate was so
cold that it froze sea water,
covered nearly half of Earth’s
land mass with glaciers and
lowered ocean levels
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Geography
 Why
do you think the
central plateau became the
center of population?
Its rolling hills were better
for settlements than the
steep mountains.
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Question
 Describe
where
Mesoamerica is located.
 It extends from the middle
of present-day Mexico to
the tip of the central part
of Central America.
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A Land of Rugged
Mountains
Why was obsidian used to make
arrowheads and Knives?
 Because it was a brittle stone, it was
easily chipped into a sharp point or
edge.



Why did it take centuries before
archaeologists learned about the
civilizations of Mesoamerica?
Forests and trees hid the ruins of the
ancient civilizations for centuries
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A Land of Rugged
Mountains
 What
bodies of water
surround Mesoamerica?
 Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico,
and Caribbean Sea
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A Land of Lush Coasts



Quick Summary: Costal lands along the
Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean vary
from tropical rain forests, grasslands,
rivers, swamps, and pine forests to
highlands and mountains
Why might people from the mountains have
traveled to the coasts in early Mesoamerica?
They might have traveled to trade with people
who lived on the coasts. They may have found
that the land in the mountains was too rough.
It was easier to survive along the lush coasts
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A Land of Lush Coasts


How are cenotes, or natural wells created
in the Yucatán Peninsula?
Rainwater dissolves limestone, forming
underground streams and caves. The roofs
of these streams collapse and create sink
holes, or natural wells

Why do you think people considered the
natural wells as scared gifts?

In a land with few rivers, these wells
provide much needed drinking water.
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The Rain Forest
 What
is the kind of
climate which a rain
forest can flourish?
Hot, or at least mild,
and very wet
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Rain Forests
 Where
might
you have
seen rain
forests in
motion
pictures
or T.V.
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A Land of Many Peoples



Quick Summary: Different cultures
developed in the varied environments of
early Mesoamerica.
Why were there differences among the
cultures in Mesoamerica?
Different cultures lived in different
physical environments, and they made
different choices about how to adapt to
and modify their surroundings in order
to meet their basic needs.
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Question
 What
are the major
physical features of the
interior of Mesoamerica
 Mountains, plateaus,
highlands
 What crops are grown in
Mesoamerica
 Maize, squash and beans.
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Lesson 1 Sum It Up
 How
would you describe
the major physical
features and climates of
Mesoamerica?
Mountains, rolling hills, costal
plains; hot, mild, and cool,
depending on elevation.
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Lesson 1 Sum It Up
 What
are the major
features of Rain Forests?
Heavy rain during rainy
season, great variety of
plants and animals, canopy.
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Lesson 1 Sum It Up
 How
did people first
reach the Americas
Over the land bridge from
Beringia from Asia to
North America
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Lesson 1 Sum It Up
 Who
do you think were
the first settlers of
Mesoamerica and where
did they settle?
Hunter-gathers; Central
Plateau region
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Question
 What
do cenotes provide for
the people of Mesoamerica?
 Drinking water
 How did the landscape of
Mesoamerica influence the
people who lived there?
 It helped them develop unique
cultures
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Map Projections
Objective: Identify different map projections, and
explain the advantages and disadvantages of
each
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Important Note: You will see this projection
again very soon!!
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Latitude and longitude
 Latitude:
how far north or
south
 From 0° at equator to 90° at
poles
 Each parallel of latitude is a
different size
 Key latitudes: Equator,
23.5°N and S
Latitude and longitude
Longitude: how far east or west
 East or west of what?
 1884 agreement on prime meridian at
Greenwich
 Each meridian of longitude is the same
distance around
 Not parallel lines
 Key longitudes: Prime Meridian,
International Date Line, 100th meridian

Map projections –Grapefruit activity
Other projections
• Based on more
complicated
math
• Interrupted,
oval,
combination
Goode
Robinson: true
along a line
between the
equator and a
pole.
Homework 18 Jan 2012
 Read
168-173
 Complete WB 41
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The Olmec and Maya
Objectives:
Compare and contrast the Olmec and
Mayan civilizations
 Explain why the Olmec is called
“Mother Civilization.”
 Explain why cenotes were important to
the Maya
 Explain how the Olmec and Mayan
civilizations were organized
 Explain why the Olmec people might be
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considered ancestors of the Maya.

The Olmec Civilization
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Olmec/Maya
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15 Min
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The Olmec Civilization
 Classwork
 Complete
the “Think About it
“ Questions 1-5
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The Olmec Civilization
 Where
did the Olmec
civilization develop?
In the Rain Forests along
the gulf of Mexico
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The Big Picture
 What
kind of land and
climate would this be?
Costal Plain, hottest
region of MesoamericaTierra Caliente - and wet
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The Olmec
 When
did the Olmec
flourish?
About 1200 b.c. to 300 b.c.
Olmec means “people
of the rubber Country
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The Olmec
 How
well watered would
you say their land was?
Very; it was rain forest,
and many rivers cut
through it
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The Olmec
 What
method did the
Olmec use to clear land for
farming?
Slash and Burn
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The Olmec
 How
would you sequence
the steps in slash and burn
agriculture?
Cut down the jungle growth
with axes, set fire to felled
growth, leave ashes to
enrich soil.
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Slash and Burn Farming
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Slash and Burn
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Slash and burn Farming
Slash
and burn
agriculture is one of
the most ancient
forms of farming.
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Slash and burn Farming
 It
has traditionally been
practiced around the world,
mainly in central Africa,
northeast South America,
parts of the Indian
subcontinent, Southeast
Asia and Oceania.
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Slash and burn Farming
Unfortunately
the
fertility of the cleared
land’s soil sharply
decreases within a few
years, and the soil can
no longer grow
anything.
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Slash and burn Farming
The
farmer must move
on to slash and burn
another wooded area.
That is why slash and
burn is also called
shifting agriculture
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The Olmec
 What
large
peninsula
lies east
of the
Olmec
territory?
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The Olmec
What
are the
Mountains of
Mesoamerica called?
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Sierra Madre
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The Olmec
How
would you
compare geographic
features of Olmec
territory with those of
the Central Plateau?
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The Olmec
Olmec:
costal plain,
Tierra caliente; Central
Plateau: rolling hills,
Tierra templada
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Life in an Olmec Town
Town planning suggests an
organized government.
 The layout of La Venta (the
major center of Olmec
culture) tells us that the
Olmec were a wellorganized society?
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Life in an Olmec Town
 How
do we know that
stone carving was a major
specialization among
Olmec?
Large stone heads, statues
and monuments, grinding
tools, carved jade and
obsidian objects
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obsidian
A usually black or
banded, hard volcanic glass
that displays shiny, curved
surfaces when fractured and
is formed by rapid cooling of
lava.
Life in an Olmec Town
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Life in an Olmec Town
 What
do you think about
the military in Olmec
times? Do you think they
may have a military?
Since monuments show
successful warriors, the
Olmec must have had an
army.
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Life in an Olmec Town
 How
was the basis of the
Olmec economy like that of
the Egyptians and other early
civilizations we have studied?
The economy was based on
agriculture, which was the
work of the majority of the
people.
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Olmec Religion
 Why
is it accurate to say
that the Olmec were
polytheistic
Archaeologists
have found
altars to many
different gods
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Olmec Religion
 Who
were some of these
gods? What do they tell us
about what was important
to the Olmec?
Like many ancient cultures
the Olmec worshiped Gods of
natural forces such as fire,
rain, the sun, all of which
have been crucial to slash
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and burn
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Olmec Religion
 What
religious meaning
did animals have for the
Olmec?
Certain animals had special
powers, the most powerful
was the jaguar which
played a central role in
Olmec religion.
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Olmec
 Why
do you think the Olmec
were familiar with Jaguars,
eagles, snakes, and Sharks?
(170)
 These
animals were native
to the part of Mesoamerica
where the Olmec people
lived.
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Certain animals had special
powers, the most powerful
was the jaguar which played a
central role in Olmec religion.
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Olmec Religion
 How
do we
know the
jaguar was
so important
to the Olmec?
Often the
subject of
carvings
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Jaguar God of the
Underworld, a deity often
seen on incense burners in
Late Classic Maya art. The
jaguar, a creature of the
night, was reverred in pre87
Hispanic times.
Carvings like
this one
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Olmec
Accomplishments
 Most
famous for their
Giant sculptures, the
Olmec also developed a
number system, a
calendar, and a form of
writing.
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Olmec Calendar
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Olmec Number System
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Question
 What
did the Olmec
develop that would be
used by later
Mesoamerican
civilizations?
 A number system, a
calendar and a form of
writing.
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Quick review
In which part of
Mesoamerica did the
centers of Olmec culture
grow?
Along the coast of the Gulf
of Mexico, west of Yucatán.
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Quick review
How did the Olmec create
fields for Growing crops?
By slashing down the jungle
growth and burning it.
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Quick Review review
What clues have helped
archaeologists to gain
knowledge about Olmec
culture?
Clues left by Olmec artifacts
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Essay review
What effects did the
environment of the Olmec
have on their system of
farming? How in turn might
the Olmec have affected
their environment?
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review
The environment led
the Olmec to slash and
burn, which in turn
destroyed parts of the
rain forest.
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Homework 20 Jan 2012
Essay Question
Complete the following question in
your notebook: Suppose you were a
trader who lived in Olmec times.
Write a description of some of the
Olmec objects that you would like
to trade with other people.
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Essay response -25pts
 Lets
hear
your written
descriptions
we will start
with student
number #3
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Olmec - Questions
 The
Olmec people were
divided into social classes
based on what?
 Wealth and power
 Who were the most powerful
classes in Olmec civilization?
 Priests and government
officials
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Olmec -Questions
 Why
are the Olmec called
the “Mother Civilization” of
Mesoamerica?
 They directly influenced all
of the Mesoamerica
civilizations that followed.
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Maya Civilization
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Maya Civilization
Throughout Mesoamerica archaeologists have
uncovered ruins of huge stone cities. They
were built by a civilization of great builders,
astronomers, and craftworkers. By studying
the spectacular ruins of the ancient Maya
archaeologists have developed a picture of
culture that dominated Mesoamerica for
almost 1,000 years.
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The Big Picture
 What
clues have the Maya
left us that reveal their
civilization?
Stone remains of pyramids,
other structures, written
language, written records
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Big picture
 What
kind of things do you
predict these clues will tell
us about Maya civilization?
Perhaps things about their
religion government,
housing, day to day living
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Map
 Please
open your text book
to page 190 and look at
the small inset map.
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Map work
 Where
did
the Maya
create their
culture?
Yucatán to the
highlands of
Guatemala
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Map work
 Where
was the Mayan
Territory in relation to the
Olmec territory?
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Quick Summary
 Mayan
civilization was
complex yet similar to the
Olmec civilization in many
ways. Like that of the
Olmec, Mayan civilization
was a theocracy (the
leader and the ruling
classes represent the will
of gods.)
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Theocracy
 Can
you think of any
nations or Governments
today that are
Theocracies?
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Questions
How did the Maya bring water to
places that needed it?
 They Built reservoirs and
aqueducts
 Why were so many artifacts found
at the bottom of cenotes?

 Mayan
priests would bring
valuables to the cenotes as
sacrifices to the gods.
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Questions
When did the Mayan culture flourish?
 From A.D. 250 to about a A.D. 900
 What were some of the natural
resources available to Mayan culture?
 Gold, wood, rubber, copper and jade.
 What does Popol Vuh tell the reader
about the Maya?
 It tells how the Maya believed the
world was created

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Time and numbers
 The
Maya
used their
mathematical
skills to
develop
several
calendars.
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Maya Calendar
3:00
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Questions
 How
are the ways that Maya
used calendars similar to
the way people use
calendars today?
 The Maya used the
Calendars to keep track of
Important dates, just as we
do today.
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The Maya Number
system
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Maya Calendar
Why is it surprising that the Maya
were able to keep such accurate
records of the length of the year
and movements of the moon and
the planets?
 The Maya did not have telescopes,
yet they were able to divide the
year into 365 days based on the
Earth’s orbit; Europeans were not
able to determine this until
hundreds of years later.
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
125
Time and Numbers
What contributions did the Maya
make to mathematics?
 They created a unique counting
system based on the unit of 20,
and they believed to have been
the first people in the world to use
the idea of zero in calculations.

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Maya – Daily Life

The Maya people lived in adobe
homes with simple furniture. Their
civilization disappeared
mysteriously, but descendants still
live in Mexico and Guatemala.
•How did the Maya adapt to their
environment?
•They Built houses using available
materials- mud, palm leaves and
grass
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Maya – Daily Life
How were daily chores divided
among members of Mayan
families?
 Men farmed, hunted, and fished.
Women and older girls made
clothing, supplied water, and
firewood, cared for small children
and did housekeeping chores.
Young children learned about
farming and chores but spent
much of their time playing.
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
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Homework 24 Jan 2012
 Read
174-180
 Complete Questions 1-5
page 180
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Winner Takes All!!
Pokatok
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Objectives
 Explain
how the Aztec
Empire developed over
time
 Locate and describe
Tenochtitlan
 Explain why and how the
Aztec empire fell
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Homework Review
Questions 1-5 page 180
 Lets review your
responses.

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Lands of the Aztecs
Aztec
 In
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the mid-1300(s) the
Aztecs, known as Mexica (me
CHEE ka)settled on two
islands in lake Texcoco, where
they built their great city of
Tenochtitlan. By the 1400’s
the Mexica grew in strength
and power and conquered
neighboring city-states. The
Aztec empire had begun.
135
Aztec’s the beginning
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A Mesoamerican
civilization
 The
development of the
Aztec civilization was
influenced by both the
Olmec and the Mayan
civilizations
 Aztec economy based on
farming: they grew maize,
beans and other crops.
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Aztec
 Great
builders in stone.
 The Aztec constructed
monuments, ceremonial
centers and pyramids.
 They were astronomers,
mathematicians, priests and
farmers
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Aztec Writing
Aztec Math
Aztec
 Worshiped
many Gods
 Built a great empire
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Aztec View of Tenochtitlan
Ruins of the City Center,
Tenochtitlan
The Codex
Mendoza :
The
Founding
of
Tenochtitl
an
Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the
Americas
Aztec Chinampa or Floating
Garden:
15ft. to 30ft. wide
As the population grew,
Tenochtitlan and the island
became overcrowded
Tenochtitlan - Chinampas
To make more room, the Mexica
built islands called Chinampas
Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar
The Aztec Empire
 During
the mid-late 1400s,
the Aztec empire grew in
size ans wealth,
controlling city-states from
the Gulf of Mexico to the
Pacific Ocean.

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Moctezuma I
 Moctezuma
I ruled the Aztec
empire from 1440-1469.
 He expanded the empire
east and south
 Warfare was a normal part
of life for the Aztec nation,
they made the conquered
city-states pay tribute or
taxes in gold.
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Moctezuma I
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Aztec Gold
The Aztecs
Were
Fierce Warriors
Life
 Although
agriculture was
the basis of the Aztec
economy, religion
influenced every aspect of
life in the Aztec culture
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Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes
to the Sun God
Heart Sacrifice
on an Aztec Temple Pyramid
Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan
Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan
A violent End
 In
1519 the Spanish
invaded Tenochtitlan; by
1521 they had conquered
and put an end to the
Aztec Empire
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Moctezuma II
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Hernando Cortés
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Summary
 1200’s
The Mexica migrate into the
Valley of Mexico
 1325 The Mexica founded the city of
Tenochtitlan
 1440 Moctezuma I became the ruler
of the Aztecs
 1521 The Spanish under Hernando
Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire
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Homework 25 Jan 2012
20 points
 On
page 182 and 183
complete the following
sections:
 Places and People
 Facts and Main Ideas
 Apply Skills
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Test
Mesoamerica
27 Jan 2012
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Photo/Picture
References
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slide 23 slash and burn http://www.bized.ac.uk/virtual/dc/images/photos/bushfire.jpg 31 Jan 05
slide 28 Yucatan Peninsula http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/kids/about/images/indigenous/map.jpg
31 Jan 05
slide 30 Sierra Madre http://www.latts.com/manzanillo/images/sierra%20madre%20view.jpg 31 Jan 05
Slide 39 Statue from La Venta http://www.anthroarcheart.org/grfx/c96t.JPG
31 Jan 05
Slide 41 Jaguar http://www.ai.mit.edu/lab/olympics/98/images/jaguar.jpg
31 Jan 05
Slide43 Jaguar statue http://www.mayanmajix.com/carv032a.jpg 31 Jan 05
slide 59 Mayan ruin http://www.niw4u.com/images/mayan_city_2.JPG
02 Feb 05
slide 60 Mayan Writing http://www.krysstal.com/images/writing_mayan.gif
02 Feb 05
Slide 62 Maya Map http://historyoftheworld.bravepages.com/pics/maya/mayamap.jpg
02 Feb 05
slide 61 Mesoamerica http://www.michielb.nl/maya/gif/middleamerica.gif
02 Feb 05
The Mayas. United Learning
(1998). Retrieved January 12, 2009, from
Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
Mayan Calendar retrieved from http://www.religionfacts.com/mayan_religion/images/mayancalendar.gif 14 Jan 09
The Maya Calendar. Discovery Channel School
(2006). Retrieved January 14, 2009, from
Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
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