Transcript Unit 3
World Trade before Exploration T he Ottoman Empire Turning Point: Ottomans seize Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 Consequences of European “Encounters” (1450 – 1750) Connection of both Western & Eastern Hemispheres European conquest/colonization of Americas Massive transfer of plants, animals, people & diseases (Columbian Exchange) Emergence of a global economy Greatest forced migration of people in the history of the world (Atlantic Slave Trade) Christianity becomes truly global religion “gunpowder revolution” promotes largescale empire building MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) Sponsors Size Motivation Outcome MING CHINA EUROPE MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) MING CHINA Sponsors Emperor Yongle (1405) Size Motivation Outcome EUROPE MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) Sponsors Size Motivation Outcome MING CHINA EUROPE Emperor Yongle (1405) Monarchs (later joint-stock co.’s & Catholic Church) MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) MING CHINA EUROPE Sponsors Emperor Yongle (1405) Monarchs (later joint-stock co.’s & Catholic Church) Size Zheng He’s “treasure fleet” (300 ships; crew of 27,000) Motivation Outcome MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) MING CHINA EUROPE Sponsors Emperor Yongle (1405) Monarchs (later joint-stock co.’s & Catholic Church) Size Zheng He’s “treasure fleet” (300 ships; crew of 27,000) Approx. 3-5 ships; crew of no more than 200 Motivation Outcome MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) MING CHINA EUROPE Sponsors Emperor Yongle (1405) Monarchs (later joint-stock co.’s & Catholic Church) Size Zheng He’s “treasure fleet” (300 ships; crew of 27,000) Approx. 3-5 ships; crew of no more than 200 Motivation “Bring order to the world” (enroll distant peoples in tribute system) Outcome MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) MING CHINA EUROPE Sponsors Emperor Yongle (1405) Monarchs (later joint-stock co.’s & Catholic Church) Size Zheng He’s “treasure fleet” (300 ships; crew of 27,000) Approx. 3-5 ships; crew of no more than 200 Motivation “Bring order to the world” (enroll distant peoples in tribute system) Gold, God, Glory Outcome MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) MING CHINA EUROPE Sponsors Emperor Yongle (1405) Monarchs (later joint-stock co.’s & Catholic Church) Size Zheng He’s “treasure fleet” (300 ships; crew of 27,000) Approx. 3-5 ships; crew of no more than 200 Motivation “Bring order to the world” (enroll distant peoples in tribute system) Gold, God, Glory Outcome Voyages abruptly ended (1433) due to political infighting MARITIME VOYAGES (EARLY MODERN ERA) MING CHINA EUROPE Sponsors Emperor Yongle (1405) Monarchs (later joint-stock co.’s & Catholic Church) Size Zheng He’s “treasure fleet” (300 ships; crew of 27,000) Approx. 3-5 ships; crew of no more than 200 Motivation “Bring order to the world” (enroll distant peoples in tribute system) Gold, God, Glory Voyages abruptly ended (1433) due to political infighting Voyages escalate (until 18th c.); Colonized Americas; controlled Indian Ocean trade Outcome A Ship’s Rations: 1. Food items needed for a 3 month trip on ship w/ a crew of 190 sailors… 8,000 lbs of salt beef; 2,800 lbs of salt pork; 600 lbs of salt cod; a few beef tongues 15,000 brown biscuits; 5,000 white biscuits 30 bushels of oat meal; 40 bushels of dried peas; 1 ½ bushels of mustard seed 1 barrel of salt & flour 11 small wooden casks of butter; 1 large cask of vinegar 10,500 gallons of beer 3,500 gallons of water 2 large casks of cider New Maritime Technology New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portolani] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435 Zheng He’s Voyages W hy Europe and not Ming China? Ming China ended its voyages; Europe continued and escalated its voyages Europe had no unified political authority like China w/ power to end maritime outreach (its system of competing states created rivalries) Europe’s elite had an interest in overseas expansion; China’s elite despised their voyages Chinese believed in the absolute superiority of their culture; Europeans wanted to spread Christianity & were threatened by Muslim power in the Middle East Cristofo Colombo (a.k.a. Cristobal Colon; a.k.a Christopher Columbus) [1451-1506] A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492 T he “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Great Empires in the Americas: Atahualpa Moctezuma II PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS Government/ Political System Economy Religion Social Structure AZTEC INCA PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS AZTEC Government/ Political System Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Economy Religion Social Structure INCA PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS Government/ Political System Economy Religion Social Structure AZTEC INCA Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Centralized, bureaucratic state w/ divine ruler PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS AZTEC INCA Government/ Political System Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Centralized, bureaucratic state w/ divine ruler Economy Demanded tribute from conquered peoples Religion Social Structure PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS AZTEC INCA Government/ Political System Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Centralized, bureaucratic state w/ divine ruler Economy Demanded tribute from conquered peoples Demanded labor services (mita) from conquered peoples Religion Social Structure PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS AZTEC INCA Government/ Political System Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Centralized, bureaucratic state w/ divine ruler Economy Demanded tribute from conquered peoples Demanded labor services (mita) from conquered peoples Religion Social Structure Polytheistic w/ preference toward sun god; frequent human sacrifice PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS AZTEC INCA Government/ Political System Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Centralized, bureaucratic state w/ divine ruler Economy Demanded tribute from conquered peoples Demanded labor services (mita) from conquered peoples Polytheistic w/ preference toward sun god; frequent human sacrifice Polytheistic w/ preference toward sun god; infrequent human sacrifice Religion Social Structure PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS AZTEC INCA Government/ Political System Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Centralized, bureaucratic state w/ divine ruler Economy Demanded tribute from conquered peoples Demanded labor services (mita) from conquered peoples Religion Polytheistic w/ preference toward sun god; frequent human sacrifice Polytheistic w/ preference toward sun god; infrequent human sacrifice Social Structure Semi-literate (codices); warrior elite highest class; Gender parallelism PRE-COLONIAL EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS AZTEC INCA Government/ Political System Loosely structured unstable conquest state w/ divine ruler Centralized, bureaucratic state w/ divine ruler Economy Demanded tribute from conquered peoples Demanded labor services (mita) from conquered peoples Religion Polytheistic w/ preference toward sun god; frequent human sacrifice Polytheistic w/ preference toward sun god; infrequent human sacrifice Social Structure Semi-literate (codices); warrior elite highest class; Gender parallelism Illiterate (quipu); Subjects grouped into hierarchical units (ayllu); Gender parallelism Conquistadors: T he Spanish Conquerors of the Americas Hernan Cortes Francisco Pizarro Spanish Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Official European Colony! T he Mural Movement in Latin America Diego Rivera,The Arrival of Cortes at Veracruz, (1929-1935) T he Mural Movement in Latin America: Wall Mural in Cuzco, Peru Spanish Empire in New World: T he Spanish Castas System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Native Indians Mulattos Loba Black Slaves Encomienda System T he Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe Portuguese Brazil British North America Russian Siberia Mercantilism 1. Dominant global economic system (16&17th c.) 2. Amount of Buillon (gold & silver) = Nation’s Wealth = Political Power over Rivals 3. Requires a favorable balance of trade (exports › imports) T he Global Silver Trade How did silver change the world? 1. Spain Vastly enriched Spanish monarchy “piece of eight” became international currency Caused inflation, no real economic growth Spain lost dominance when value of silver fell (c. 1600) 2. Spanish America Produced 85% of world’s silver Potosí became largest city in Americas (pop. 160,000) b/c it was world’s largest silver mine City’s wealthy elite lived in luxury Native American miners lived in horrid conditions (“portrait of hell”) How did silver change the world? 3. Japan Enormous silver deposits found mid-16th c. Tokugawa shoguns used silver revenues to unify the country Worked with merchant class; produced marketbased economy Heavy investment in agriculture & industry Addressed deforestation & population issues 4. China Chinese gov’t consolidated taxes into a single tax to be paid in silver (1570s) “silver drain”; endpoint for most of world’s silver Commercialized Chinese economy; became regionally specialized Deforestation became problem Colonial Potosi Potosi Silver Mine Treasures from the Americas! T he Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans (& in almost all societies since the earliest civs.) 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 3. Between 16th c. & 19th c., approx. 10-15 million Africans shipped to the Americas. Impact of the Slave Trade 1. Africa Created new transregional linkages w/ Atlantic world Slowed Africa’s population growth Generated economic stagnation & political disruption Some African kingdoms gradually disintegrated (Kongo, Oyo); others took advantage of slave trade (Aja-speaking peoples of Benin) Africa’s development is stunted; fell behind Asia and Europe for AfroEurasian supremacy T he Protestant Reformation 1. Massive schism in Catholic Christendom (b.1517) 2. Reformation thought spread through mass media (printing press) 3. Protestant movement split into an array of competing churches 4. Provoked a Catholic CounterReformation 5. Impact… Religious Wars (mid 16th to mid 17th c.) Encouraged skepticism toward authority & tradition Reformation Theology Salvation Religious Authority Eucharist Role of Clergy Scope of Church Catholicism Protestantism Reformation Theology Catholicism Salvation Good works Religious Authority Eucharist Role of Clergy Scope of Church Protestantism Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Eucharist Role of Clergy Scope of Church Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope Eucharist Role of Clergy Scope of Church Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope The Bible Eucharist Role of Clergy Scope of Church Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope The Bible Eucharist transubstantiation Role of Clergy Scope of Church Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope The Bible Eucharist transubstantiation Spiritual or symbolic act Role of Clergy Scope of Church Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope The Bible Eucharist transubstantiation Spiritual or symbolic act Role of Clergy hierarchy; generally celibate; mediators b/t God & humankind Scope of Church Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope The Bible Eucharist transubstantiation Spiritual or symbolic act Role of Clergy hierarchy; generally celibate; Mediators b/t God & humankind priesthood of all believers; ministers may marry; no distinct spiritual status Scope of Church Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope The Bible Eucharist transubstantiation Spiritual or symbolic act Role of Clergy hierarchy; generally celibate; mediators b/t God & humankind priesthood of all believers; Ministers may marry; no distinct spiritual status Scope of Church spread message worldwide (“universal church”) Reformation Theology Catholicism Protestantism Salvation Good works Faith alone Religious Authority Pope The Bible Eucharist transubstantiation Spiritual or symbolic act Role of Clergy hierarchy; generally celibate; mediators b/t God & humankind priesthood of all believers; ministers may marry; no distinct spiritual status Scope of Church spread message worldwide (“universal church”) generally against conversion of others Inside a Baroque Catholic Church Inside a Protestant Church CCOT: Indian Ocean Commercial Life Analyze continuities and changes in the commercial life of the Indian Ocean region from 650-1750 C.E. (Strayer, pp. 341-348, 674682) World Trade before Exploration