Transcript File
Post Classical Era Part 2 Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. Parts of a Medieval Castle Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle Arundel Castle Alnwick Castle St. Donat’s Castle Raby Castle The Medieval Manor Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work Christian Crusades: East and West Later Middle Ages • Revival of Trade • Rebirth of Towns and Cities • Rise of the Bourgeoisie: “City Air is Free Air” Medieval Trade Medieval Guilds The Champagne Trade Fairs • • • • Troyes and the surrounding region Roman road network Counts of Champagne Jewish population Flanders • Woolen cloth manufacturing • Bruges, Ghent, Antwerp • North Sea and English Channel trade Genoa and Venice • Link between Europe, Mediterranean, Middle East • Investment banking encouraged by city governments. • New sailing technology invented and adapted by Italian sailors. Romanesque Architecture Romanesque Architecture Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture Chartres Cathedral Gothic Architecture Winchester Cathedral Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the Americas • Diverse, heterogeneous cultures • Hunter-gatherers, sedentary agricultural, pastoral peoples • Kinship-based societies • Less social stratification (not wealth based) • Little technology (no wheel until after 1492) • Important roles for women • Reciprocity The Great Serpent Mound Etowah Indian Mounds Etowah Indian Mounds Teotihuacan The Toltecs • Teotihuacan declined after 700 CE • From ca 950 to ca 1200 the Toltecs dominated Mesoamerica from Tula • Warlike but conservative • Toltecs: Craftsmen • Transmitted Teotihuacan culture and religion, cultural mixing with Maya Quetzalcoatl: Sovereign Plumed Serpent The Aztecs • More accurately called Mexica or Tenochca • Often called themselves Toltecs • Migrated from the north and settled in central Mexico ca 1168 • Adopted Toltec culture, whom they deeply admired as bringers of civilization. • As they gained strength, Aztec society became stratified, with a centralized government ruling most of central Mexico Huitzilopochtli: The Hummingbird Wizard Other Aztec gods and religious practices • • • • • Tezcatlipoca: Smoking Mirror Tlaloc: Rain god Chalchihuitlicue: god of Growth Xipe: “The Flayed One” Cyclical pattern of repeated destructions and creations. • Human sacrifice and blood letting Tenochtitlan The Aztec Economy • Market economy with large merchant class • Tribute from conquered peoples also played a role • Women subordinate, but had some legal rights Aztec Writing System: Rebus The Andes Mountains The Incas • Contemporary with the Aztecs • Inca Empire developed after the decline of Tihuanaco, Huari, and Chimor • The Incas needed to expand due to the policy of split inheritance • By 1438 the Incas ruled an empire throughout the Andes Mountains, capital: Cuzco • The Incas ruled by “proxy” (using local rulers) and were less centralized than the Aztecs • The Incas were polytheistic, and also worshiped their ruler The Inca, The Son of the Sun. They differed from the Aztec in not practicing human sacrifice Viracocha Cuzco Machu Picchu Terrace Farming in the Andes Inca Roads Intihuatani: Hitching Post of the Sun The Inca Economy • The Inca ruler and royal family held absolute power. • Economy based on cooperation and community: “Inca socialism” • Little long distance trade, no market economy • Primary crops: corn and potatoes, llamas and alpacas Quipus