Transcript United States Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colonization and Settlement of
North America
ANTHONY ARCHABAULT
ALEXANDRA ELWELL
REBECCA GERACI
United States
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Groups and People
 Pilgrims (Puritans) landed 1620 in Plymouth County
 Governor William Bradford led Plymouth Pilgrims
 Many English settlers in late 17th century
Native Tribes
 Massachusetts, Nanset, and Wampanoag
 Mohican occupied western part
 as well as some Mohawks
 total population by 1620
 estimated 7000
Government
 Theocratic Government- est. by Puritans
 franchise limited to church members
Massachusetts Bay Company
 Founded 1629 by King Charles I

empowered colonization and trade between New England between
the Charles and Merrimack Rivers
 1684- Annulment between company and Puritans ended
charter
 1691- Royal government established under new charter

Merged Plymouth colony and Maine in Massachusetts Bay Colony
 Early 18th Century- temporary imperial government
which helped commerce


supported British expeditions against French Canada
supply contracts boosted economy during Seven Years War
 1692-1774- Became economically the most important
colony
Economic Enterprises
 Trade of Beaver skins and fur were originally major but
ended after the outbreak of the English Revolution of 1640
 Farming in 17th century became major
 Ship building and Atlantic commerce brought in great
revenue
 1763- post war recession occurred
tight trade regulations
 raising revenue
 elimination of key areas of colonial political autonomy

Interactions with Indigenous People
 Interactions with Indigenous People
 King Philip's War- 1675 in Springfield, MA attacked
all buildings and destroyed many
 Miles Morgan helped save residents no one died in
Springfield area
 600 colonists and 3000 Natives died in all
February 29, 1704- Deerfield Raid which the town of
Deerfield was brutally attacked by natives
Colony of Virginia
Groups and People
 English settled Jamestown 1607
 Powhatan (Algonquin), Nottoway, Meherrin, and
Piedmont Indians
Government
 Thomas West and Baron De La Warr governed until
1611
 Captain John Smith saved the colony from starvation


self governing state
had the governors
 House of Burgesses
 Royal Colony because England had complete control
 restricted powers of the House
 Patrick Henry presented a resolution
 led to the Stamp Act of 1765
House of Burgesses
 met July 30, 1619 in Jamestown
 22 members, governor appointed by officials of
Virginia Company of London
 Governor appointed 6 members to be council
 15 members elected by Colony (17 yrs or older must
own land)
 lasted until 1624
Economic Enterprises
 John Rolfe helped export crops for revenue
- agriculture since 1607 Jamestown
-tobacco
-wheat became second largest export in 18th
century
 beef, pork, poultry and dairy products
 Jamestown colonists developed gristmills to grind
grain into powder to make bread
 Merchant Mills bought grains

turned them into a grist or meal to make flour for export
 1609- mined Iron Ore near Jamestown
 1619- first ironworks established on James River
 Lead became another important metal mined
 made into bullets
Indigenous People
 Natives at first attacked an English ship before they
landed
 Indians offered food after attack and hospitality
 Colonists began searching for wealth and became
dependent on natives for food
 Captain John Smith explored areas and established
trade with locals

took things by force
 1609, English didn't return hospitality to natives,
natives attacked settlers and killed their livestock
and burned majority of their crops
 ca. 1629 colonists began search and destroy raids in
Indian settlements. Burned villages and destroyed
their crops
 Captured Powhatin's daughter Pocahontas who
married John Rolfe and helped relations between
Natives and colonists
 With colonial expansion, destruction of land and
game, Indians led by Powhatin's brother
Opechancanough in 1622 killed about 350 colonists
Colony of Pennsylvania
Groups and People
 Germans 1727
 Scot/Irish 1717
 Africans ca.1730s (slavery)
 William Penn also English Quaker, founded PA 1682
 George Fox, who was a Quaker preacher, helped PA
 Quakers- refused to pay taxes and fight wars;
founded by Fox
 Monogoloid Natives, the Delawares,
Susquehannocks (Iroquois), Shawnees (Algonquin)
natives in the area
Government
 1681- government established by William Penn
 William Markham the deputy governor
 December 4th, 1682- Penn summoned General
Assembly to Chester, PA region
 December 7th, 1682- Naturalization Act adopted

Great Law, humanitarian code developed because of basis of
PA law
Economic Enterprises
 1750s- wheat, corn, rye, hemp and flax were exported




for profit
shipbuilding, iron, pig iron, printing, publishing,
paper making, sawmills, gristmills, leather tanning,
hunting rifles,
Conestoga wagon (major invention could carry 4
tons)
traded with natives fur, sale of farming products
Art and Culture

PA referred to as "Athens of America" in colonial times
Indigenous People
 native Americans and people of Colonial PA were
living equally
 worked well with Lenni-Lenape natives
Canada
1534
Cartier Lands
Native Peoples
“Battle of the Fur”
France
Britain
Fur Trade
Loyalist Played a Large
Role in who settled in
Canada.
The Conquest of the Aztec Empire and
The Yucatan by Spain
A Brief History…
 1110The Mexica travel from their northern homeland
of Aztlan.
 1110-1248The Mexica roam the area

now Mexico
 1248 Mexica settle near Lake Texcoco, in
Chapultepec

soon expelled by the Tepanecs
 1299Mexica settle in Tizapan,
 permission of the Culhuacan ruler Cocoxtli.
 1325Tenochtitlán is settled by the Mexica
Aztec Empire
A Brief History…
 Ruled from 1428-1521
 First city Tenochtitlan
 Heart of Aztec Empire
 Present day Mexico City
 Made alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan
 Ruled until Spanish arrived
 City of Tenochtitlan was a military power
 Spearheaded conquest of new territory
 Aztec Empire did not rule each state directly
 Local governments in place
 Pay tribute to Triple Alliance
The Government
Influence of Religion
 Complex system of gods, dates and directions
 Took Gods 5 days to create the world
 Highly focused on the nature of balance
 Give blood sacrifices to the Warrior Sun God
 Believe that Gods go to fight battle of darkness or
become reincarnated into animals or insects
The Spaniards Arrive
 March 4 1519 – Spaniards Arrive in Veracruz
 Cortes sinks all the ships except one small vessel
 moves to the city-state of Tlaxcala.
 Generally speaking they begin on friendly terms.
 The Spanish went on to Cholula.
 many people in the city were killed
 Cortes takes charge and demands tribute and some




Roman Catholic shrines to replace the Aztec gods.
Aztecs revolt, driving the Spanish from the city.
Cuitláhuac becomes emperor.
The Spanish go to Tlaxcala and make an alliance
Aztec cities are conquered

siege of Tenochtitlán begins
 1521 Aug. 13 The last Aztec
emperor, Cuauhtémoc, surrenders to Cortes.
Disease
 Smallpox, contracted by Cortes’ army affected the
Aztecs.
 Spread like wildfire through the tribes
 Houses were knocked down over bodies
 25% of the empire was lost to the disease
Spanish Influence
 Loss of gold
 Destruction of the Gods and Religion
 Became a catholic society
 Influence of European
 Prisoners were made into manual labors
 Raw materials and wealth taken
Yucatan Empire
A Brief History…
 1511 – A small vessel carrying Spaniards landed in
Maya Empire

Spaniards divided up into slaves and workers of Mayan
Empire
 1517 – Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba sailed from
Cuba

In search of slaves
 Diego Velazquez ordered expedition
 Prompted Cortes in 1519
Mayan Gods
Itzamná, the creator god,
the god of the fire and god
of the hearth.
Kukulcán, the Feathered
Serpent
Chac, a hooked-nose god
of rain and lightning
Bolon Tzacab, branching
nose and has sceptre in rulers'
hands.
Mayan Religion
 afterlife consisted primarily of a dangerous voyage
of the soul through the underworld

represented by the jaguar, symbol of night
 science and religion were one and the same
 Mayan cosmology had it that the world had been
created five times and destroyed four times.
Mayan Calendar
First Attempt to Conquer
 1526 Francisco de Mentejo successfully petitioned
the King of Spain for the right to conquer Yucatán.
 Arrived in eastern Yucatán in 1527

Found deserted towns and cities
 The Spanish set up a small fort on the coast at
Xamanha in 1528.
 Montejo went to Mexico to gather a larger army.
Second Attempt to Conquer
 Montejo returned in 1531
 sent his son Francisco Montejo the Younger inland with
an army.

The leaders of some Maya states pledged that they would be his
allies.
 He continued on to Chichen Itza, which he declared his
Royal capital of Spanish Yucatán,
 locals rose up against him
 Spanish force fled to Honduras
 1535, Montejo withdrew his forces to Veracruz, leaving
the Yucatán once again completely in the control of the
Maya.
Final Attempt to Conquer
 Montejo the Elder turned his royal rights in Yucatán over to




his son, Francisco Montejo the Younger.
The younger Montejo invaded Yucatán with a large force in
1540.
1542, he set up his capital in Merida
The lord of the Tutal Xiu of Mani converted to Christianity.
The Xiu dominated most of Western Yucatán

Became valuable allies
 Spanish and Xiu defeated an army of the combined forces of
the states of Eastern Yucatán in 1546

the conquest was officially complete
 Periodic revolts put down by Spanish troops and Indian
auxilaries, continued throughout the Spanish colonial era.
Yucatan Peninsula Conquest
 Took almost 170 years.
 The whole process could have taken longer were it
not for three separate epidemics that took a heavy
toll on the Native Americans



killing almost 75% of the population
causing the collapse of Mesoamerican cultures
Those who survived converted to Christianity and made slaves

Spanish wanted to “save them”
 Old World diseases
 smallpox caused the death of 90 to 95 percent
Sources
 http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20177370?uid=2129&uid=17242360&uid=
3739696&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3&uid=16751440&uid=67&uid=62&uid=3739256&s
id=21101302992027
 http://www.usahistory.info/colonies/Pennsylvania.html
 http://books.google.com/books?id=6c0pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141&dq=Killed+march
+26,+1676&ei=RRwSTOvwEZXOM9OQ1NYI&cd=10#v=onepage&q=Killed%20mar
ch%2026%2C%201676&f=false
 http://www.city-data.com/states/Massachusetts-History.html
 http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/prese
ntations/timeline/colonial/indians/
 http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/vamainstreet/agriculture.HTM
 http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/houseofburgesses.htm
Sources Continued
 ww.nichbelize.org/ia-archaeology/the-spanish-
conquest-and-its-aftermath.html
 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33231
 http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100
k/docs/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n.html