Transcript Meso-America-Early American ppt - WorldHistory

EARLY AMERICANS
First Americans
from Asia ca. 40,000 BC
walked across land bridge,
Beringia, covered by
thick ice
nomadic hunters
(mammoth, bison, giant
beaver, caribou and
wooly rhino)
Early Americans 15,000 Years Ago
First Americans Discovered
Clovis Man (Clovis, New Mexico)
bones, found chipped stones
called Clovis Points, dates
11,000 BC
Monte Verde - Chile, S. America
tools, bones, campsite, 12,000
BC.
Kennewick Man (Kennewick,
Washington) skull found by
students, Caucasian, 9,000
years
Agriculture Revolution in the Americas
• 7,000 BC – 5,000 BC
Farming began- “The
Three Sisters” = squash,
beans, maize (corn)
• Farming led to large
populations, cities, social
classes, government, art,
large buildings (pyramids)
Early Native North Americans
Eskimo/Inuit – Alaska/Canada
whale, walrus, seal, fish, etc.
-Inuit means “the People”
Pacific Northwest Natives Chinook, Nez Perce, Shoshone
-wooden houses
- ate well- deer, salmon, elk,
bear, seal, beaver
-Totem poles- family history
-Potlatch (party)- tribe member
gives wealth
Potlatch
Southwest Natives
The Anasazi- “Ancient Ones” lived
in 4 Corners, built in cliffs
-“The Basketmakers” - pottery
and baskets
-“Kokopelli”- flute-playing spirit,
fertility to women & crops
The Hopi- peaceful (AZ/NM)
- lived in pueblos- apartment
buildings of stone & baked clay,
no doors on ground
-farmed corn
The Apache- war-like, fought,
stole, torture
Northeastern Natives
Iroquois
lived in “long houses” (100 ft.
long) made of wood and bark
w/ 4 or 5 families
-hunted (deer, bear, and
rabbit), farmed 3 sisters
-united Northeast tribes in a
confederation to stop fighting
w/ each other
The Mound Builders
Mississippi & Ohio River Valleys
• Adena and Hopewell built
large mounds filled with
objects
-The Great Serpent Mound in
Ohio
• The Mississippians built
Cahokia ca. 1200 AD, 60
mounds, 100 ft. pyramid
mound & about 10,000 people
Cahokia
Southeastern Natives
The Cherokee
1 of largest of Native
American tribes (NC, SC,
TN, GA, AL)
Farmers/hunters,
Many Cherokee forced to
Oklahoma Territory in the
1800’s on the Trail of
Tears.
Others- Seminole, Creek,
Choctaw, Catawba,
Alabama
Plains Indians
Plains Natives
Sioux, Mandan, Crow,
Blackfeet, Comanche,
Cheyenne
Lived in central U. S.
(the Great Plains)
Nomadic huntersfollowed bison, used
all parts of the bison
many lived in teepees
Fought each other over
hunting grounds
Coup stick
The Early Meso-American Civilizations
Olmec (1300-400BC) Mexico
• “Mother Culture”
• astronomy, math,
calendars, hieroglyphic
writing
• famous for “Big Stone
Heads”- to honor leaders,
6’-8’ tall weighed several
tons
• Great Pyramid- 100’ tall
religious tomb.
• nature gods- the jaguar
• human sacrifice
Zapotec
• (1000BC–600AD) SW
Mexico
• Built city Monte Alban,
pop. of 25,000 good
farming, pyramids,
palaces, calendars,
hieroglyphic writing
Chavin
• (900 – 200 BC)
Andes Mountains
• “mother culture” for S.
America
• built a great city with
pyramid temples,
large mounds and
artwork
Nazca
• (200 BC – 600 AD)
southern Peru near
coastal desert
• underground irrigation
systems, woven
blankets, rugs,
• pottery
• Nazca Lines- giant
drawings out in the
desert
Nazca astronaut or alien?
Moche
•
(100–700 AD) northern
Peru
• large farms w/ irrigationcorn, potatoes, beans,
fish, duck, deer, crawfish
• gold/silver, made jewelry
pottery
• practiced human sacrifice
and decapitation
Moche sun temple pyramid
Moche sacrifice
Great Mesoamerican
Civilizations
THE MAYA (200-900 AD)
Yucatan Peninsula of
Central America
Writing
Calendar
Astronomy
Pyramids
Math- zero
Maya Society
Each city- a separate state w/ its own king
Maya Feudalism
• Rulers- power thru heredity, like a god
• Nobles- wealthy, ran the towns
• Lower class- farmers, artisans, merchants
• slaves- were prisoners of war used for labor and
sacrifice
Agriculture
good farmers
Canals & underground
reservoirs called
“cenotes” for irrigation &
water
maize, beans, squash,
cacao, chilies & bananas
fermented drink- lots of it!
Mayan Cities
over 100 cities
Tikal
Copan
Chichen Itza
great pyramids, palaces,
ball courts
Pyramid IV at Tikal- tallest
building in the Americas
until 1903.
Mayan ball court
Mayan Religion
Polytheistic
Gods- sun, rain, wind, corn,
war, death, moon, the
directions
Self-Sacrifice - cutting arms,
legs, chests
Human sacrifice
Kings/Queens- blood from
tongue & privates
End of the Maya
walked away from citiesNo one knows why???
Wars, food shortage,
overpopulation, overfarming, kings lost
power
TOLTEC (900-1200 AD)
Central Mexico
Tula- great city, Tula
statues
Great Warriors- blood &
human sacrifice
The “Wall of Heads”set the heads of
victims in the center
of the city.
Tula - sacked
Legend of Quetzalcoatl
Feathered-serpent god,
god of wind & Venus
Toltec king wanted peace
and took the name
Quetzalcoatl- was
overthrown, cast out to
sea on a raft
Quetzalcoatl would return
& bring peace to the
empire, legend adopted
by Aztec
THE AZTEC (1200–1500 AD)
Central Mexico
Began as nomads eating rats
& snakes, poor but tough
Tenochtitlan- capital city,
named after chief Tenoch
temples & palaces,
200,000 pop.
Two calendars, math
advances, hieroglyphic
writing
Aztec Farming
Chinampas – floating
islands built for farming
Beans, corn, chilies,
squash, tomatoes
Aztec
Society
Aztec Military
Began fighting for other tribes
All males trained to fight with
spear, bow & knife.
At 10 went to school to learn
Aztec history, religion,
citizenship & a trade
The Aztec attacked other tribes to
get human sacrifices and
slaves
Hated by other tribes
Aztec Warriors
Aztec Religion
Polytheistic
Huitzilopochtli- sun god – a
main god- battled forces of
darkness each day so the
sun would rise again,
Human sacrifice to make the
sun come up - pulled the
heart out, 20,000 sacrificed
after one war
Individuals made blood
sacrifices from their
tongues, ears, arms and
legs.
Fall of the Aztec
Montezuma II - ruler in 1502,
wanted more sacrifice &
tributes (payments) from
other tribes
Created more hatred toward
the Aztec
Spanish Arrive
Hernando Cortez & the
Conquistadors (Conquerors)
Other tribes led Cortez to the
Aztec
Aztec believed Cortez to be a
god (Quetzalcoatl)
Aztec gave Cortez gold, jewels,
women, a seat next to
Montezuma.
Cortez w/ 500 men, 16 horses,
2 cannon, & 20,000 of the
Aztec enemy - kidnapped &
killed Montezuma, destroyed
Tenochtitlan.
THE INCA
THE INCA (1438-1535 AD)
Andes Mountains of S.
America.
*Pachacuti- first Incan
emperor defeated his 2
brothers, conquered other
tribes.
*The Incan Empire covered
over 2500 miles (largest)
w/ 16 million people
*Inca Life- strictly controlled
by the government
(marriages, house, job)
Farming- terraced hillsidesland, crops owned by govt.
Medicine- used herbs, surgery
Roads- 14,000 miles of roads
over mountains and
deserts, military travel to
control the empire & trade
Mummification- Incan
royalty buried in tombs,
others in caves or sides of
high mountains.
Machu Picchu
Religious city w/ over 200 buildings, built at 8,000 feet, not
found until 1911
Machu Picchu
End of the Inca
Civil wars weakened the empire
Spanish invaded – gold
Francisco Pizarro armor, guns, swords, cannon,
horses overwhelmed the Inca
Atahualpa- the last Incan emperor