Transcript Spain
Explorers Columbus • • Thought he reached the East Indies and called the inhabitants “los indios” • o A term mistakenly applied to all native peoples of the Americas • • Columbus was presented with caps and beads and other trifles. They gave Columbus what they had • • Columbus miscalculated where he was. • o Scholars believe he landed on an island in the Bahamas on the Caribbean Sea. • • These people were called the Taino, not Indians. • • Claimed the island for Spain • o Named it San Salvador “Holy Savior” Columbus • • Second voyage to Americas in September 1493 • o Journeyed as an empire builder, not an explorer • o Commanded fleet of 17 ships and several hundred soldiers • o Brought 1,000 settlers • • Wanted to transform the islands of the Caribbean into colonies, or lands controlled by another nation Columbus and Columbian Exchange • The Columbian Exchange is the widespread exchange of plants, animals, cultures, diseases, and ideas between Eastern and Western Hemispheres. • Lasting effects on the world • Turning point in Native American History Magellan • First to circumnavigate the world!! ▫ What does this mean? • Portuguese Explorer ▫ Magellan convinced king of Spain to fund voyage ▫ 230 men and 5 ships – sailed around southern end of South America into the mysterious waters of the Pacific ▫ Went months without seeing land and food supplies soon ran out ▫ Explored Guam and reached the Philippines ▫ Magellan became involved in a war there and was killed ▫ Crew sailed west toward home ▫ Out of Magellan’s original crew, only 18 men and one ship arrived back in Spain in 1522. Treaty of Tordesillas • Background: ▫ Vasco da Gama reached port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. ▫ Spices like cinnamon and pepper ▫ GAVE PORTUGAL A DIRECT SEA ROUTE TO INDIA ▫ Had voyaged 27,000 miles Treaty of Tordesillas • Columbus had thought he had reached India • Believing him to be right, Portugal suspected Columbus had claimed for Spain land that belonged to Portugal • Rivalry became more intense Treaty of Tordesillas • Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace • Suggested an imaginary line, drawn north to south of Atlantic Ocean (Line of Demarcation) • All lands to the east would be Portugal; to the west Spain • Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 – gave Portugal modern-day Brazil Aztecs/Cortes • • • • Came for gold Known as Conquistadors Cortes = important conquistador Went to conquer Aztecs ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ 600 soldiers 17 horses Dogs Cannons Aztec/Cortes • Montezuma was convinced Cortes was a god • Gave him access to Aztec gold as aw result • Aztec city didn’t seem like it could be invaded = very advanced • Aztecs rebelled against Montezuma and stoned him to death • Cortes eventually retook the city • Forced Aztecs to mine gold and silver • Disease-ridden Why did Cortes Defeat Aztecs? • • • • Superior weaponry Received help from other native groups Measles, mumps, typhus infected the NA Died by the hundreds of thousands Francisco Pizarro • • • • Conquistador Conquered mighty Inca Empire Kidnapped Atahualpa (Inca’s leader) Spain had New Spain (Mexico and parts of Guatemala) and other parts of Central and South America and the Caribbean Mestizos • Spanish imposed culture on Natives • Spanish settlers to the Americas = peninsulares, mostly men • Mestizo – mixed Spanish and NA ▫ Many of these descendants live in Latin American countries today Ecomienda • Spanish oppressed NA • Wanted precious resources • NA farmed, ranched, mined for Spanish landlords • Promised Spanish authorities they would treat NA well • Many ended up abusing NA and many NA died Priests • Spanish priests came to spread Christianity • Criticized harsh labor of encomienda system • Spanish ended up abolishing encomienda system in 1542 Missionaries • Catholic Missionaries dominant throughout Spanish empire in Americas • Wanted to convert NA • Determined to rid “heathen” people of native religion • Tried to impose Spanish culture on them • Burned objects sacred to NA Pope (with an accent on e) Rebellion • 1680 – NA Pope organized rebellion • Spaniards had accused Pope of practicing witchcraft • Spanish driven out of New Mexico • 400 Europeans killed • NA burned Churches, executed priests, destroyed relics of Christianity • 14 years and 4 military assaults for Spaniards to subdue region