Transcript Chapter 16 Civil War Notes by Mr. Ciattei

Chapter 16- Torn by War (Civil War)
Guideline Questions: 452-455
1) What were some key reasons why the
Civil War began?
 2) List the strengths and weaknesses of
both the North and the South at the start
of war.
 3) What were some qualities Jefferson
Davis and Abraham Lincoln possessed?
 4) Why did Robert E. Lee face a moral
dilemma?

Section 1: Preparing for War
I. Nation Divided
A. South- keep slavery
B. North- save the Union
C. Key States for the South= Virginia,
North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
D. Key States for North (Border)=
Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Delaware
E. Martial Law: rule by army instead of
elected government (1861 attack in
Baltimore)

Section 1: Preparing for War
II. South- Advantages and Disadvantages
 A. Advantages- home turf, fighting for
independence, used woods
 B. Disadvantages: 1)lacked supplies
2)factories to produce weapons 3)few
railroads 4) small population 5)
Confederates favored states rights and
limited authority of central government

Section 1: Preparing for War
III. North- Advantages and Disadvantages
A. Advantages: 1) four times as many free
citizens 2) Industry to produce supplies
including guns, bullets, canons, and uniforms
3) 70% of nation’s railroads 4) strong navy
B. Disadvantages: 1) Unfamiliar with South
territory 2) more open to attack

Section 1: Preparing for War
IV. The War’s Leaders
A. The South= Jefferson Davis
- Respected for honesty and courage
- Went to West Point and fought in
Mexican War
- Did not like giving military planning to
others

Section 1: Preparing for War
B. The North= Abraham Lincoln
- patient, strong leader and fine war planner
- had a strong sense of humor
C. Military Leaders
1) Robert E. Lee- asked to command
Union Army, but sides with Virginia and the
Confederacy
2) Lincoln struggled to find generals to
match the South’s
Guideline Questions: 457-459
1) How did the Union plan to control the
war?
 2) How do the Confederates think they
are going to control the war?
 3) What happens at Bull Run?

Guideline Questions: 459-462
1) Why were ironclad ships so important
to naval bases during the Civil War?
 2) Explain what happened at the Battle of
Antietam.
 3) What happens at the Battle of Shiloh?

Section 2: The Struggle Begins
I. Strategies for Victory
A. Union Plans
1) Use navy to blockade southern ports
(cut off South’s manufactured goods
from Europe)
2) Seize Richmond, the Confederate capital
3) Seize Mississippi River, to prevent the
South from using the river to supply
troops

Section 2: The Struggle Begins
B. Confederate Plans
1) Fight defensive war until the North got
tired of fighting
2) Relied on European money and supplies
to help fight the war
3) Cotton mills were important to textile
mills in England and other countries
Section 2: The Struggle Begins
II. Battle of Bull Run: July 21, 1861
A. first major battle of Civil War, fought in
Virginia
B. Union and Confederate BattleStonewall Jackson stood on a nearby hill
with his troops, while the Union retreated
III. Union’s Response
A. Appointed George McClellan,
commander of the Union Army

Section 2: The Struggle Begins
B. Cautious general who abandoned an
attack just south of Richmond, due to
Robert E. Lee sending Stonewall Jackson to
threaten Washington
 IV. Naval Action
A. Union uses blockades on southern ports
B. Merrimack: ironclad ship used by
Confederates to break the Union blockade
Section 2: The Struggle Begins
C. Monitor: Union ironclad
- Union captures Norfolk, and builds 50
ironclads, and continues their blockades
throughout the war
 V. Antietam: September 17th, 1862
- 23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers
are killed or wounded
- Union is victorious, but Lincoln is
disappointed with McClellan, but Grant is
gaining ground in the West
Section 2: The Struggle Begins
VI. Union Victories in the West
A. Battle of Shiloh: one of the bloodiest
encounters in the Civil War in Tennessee,
which helped gain access to the Miss River
B. Union ships seized New Orleans and
Memphis, preventing the South to use the
Mississippi as a supply line
C. Vicksburg: July 4, 1863 Union victory (takes
control of Mississippi which splits the
Confederacy into 2 parts)

Guideline Questions: 463-465
1) Why does Lincoln handle the issue of
slavery cautiously?
 2) What was the Emancipation
Proclamation? How did it change the war
going forward?
 3) How did the 54th Massachusetts
Regiment contribute to the War?

Section 3: Freedom
I. Forever Free
A. Lincoln handles slavery issue cautiously,
he wanted to save the Union
B. He frees enslaved African Americans
living in the Confederacy
C. Four loyal slave states: slaves were not
free
D. Slaves remained in Confederate areas
captured by Union

Section 3: Freedom
E. Reasons for his approach
1. weaken Confederacy without angering slave
owners
2. thought slavery was wrong
F. Emancipation Proclamation: January
1st, 1863, freed slaves in any state
- Rebelling states did not follow
- Now, Union was fighting to end slavery and
to save the Union
- Was less likely that Britain or other
Europeans would aid the South
Section 3: Freedom
II. African Americans in the War
A. All black units, commanded by white
officers, and only earned half the pay of
white soldiers
B. 54th Massachusetts Regiment: attacks
Fort Wagner, near Charleston in Summer of
1863
C. Slaves in Confederate states still worked
on plantations, but they celebrated when
they heard news of the Proclamation

Group Activity: 9/10/14

Half of you are slaves in the Confederacy,
the other half are slaves in the Union, you
have just heard of the passing of the
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION,
what are your thoughts? (List 5-7)
Guideline Questions: 466-468
1) What was life like for the Union and
Confederate armies? (weapons, medicine,
prison camps)
 2) What problems did the North face
during the war?
 3) Name 2 problems the Confederacy
faced during the war.

Guideline Questions: 468-470
1) What is inflation, and how did it help
the North?
 2) How did the South’s economy suffer
and what effects did blockades have on
the South?
 3) Why were women important to the
war and what services did they provide?

Section 4: Hardships of War
I. Blue and Gray (Yanks and Rebs)
A. Battle Tested: Soldiers faced canon blasts
and bullets passing their ears
B. Deadly Weapons: cone shaped bullets and
cannons (25% or more died in most battles)
C. Crude Medical Care: pneumonia and
malaria killed many men and surgeons cut off
arms and legs of wounded men
D. Prison Camps: appalling conditions and
death from disease and starvation

Section 4: Hardships of War
II. Discord in the North
A. Copperheads: northerners who thought
the South should be allowed to leave Union
B. Bounties: payment to men who joined the
Union ($100 and $300 to fill ranks)
C. Draft: law requiring men of a certain age to
serve in the military
D. Riots: New York riots where white
workers attacked free blacks (74 dead)
E. Habeas Corpus: right to have a hearing
before being jailed

Section 4: Hardships of War
III. Trouble in the Confederacy
A. Believed in states’ rights
B. resisted paying taxes to central gov’t
C. Shortage of soldiers, passed draft law
 IV. War Boosts the Northern Economy
A. taxed luxuries and issued bonds to finance
the war
B. Union printed $400 million in paper money
(Greenbacks)
C. Inflation: economic cycle in which the value
of money falls and the prices of goods rise

Section 4: Hardships of War
V. Hard Times in the South
A. Tax-in-kind: tax paid with goods (not $)
B. used paper money too
C. damaged economy especially cotton
D. Davis cut South’s income (Britain got
their cotton from Egypt and India)
E. Union blockade created shortages of
food, kept weapons from being delivered,
which made it difficult for the South

Section 4: Hardships of War
VI. Women at War
A. worked in factories, disguised as soldiers, and
served as spies
B. Dorothea Dix: superintendent of nurses for
Union army
C. Clara Barton: Civil War nurse and founder of
Red Cross
D. Sojourner Truth: anti-slavery leader who worked
in Union hospitals and camps for freed slaves
E. South: Sally Louisa Tompkins opens hospital in
Richmond,Virginia

Group Activity: 9/17/14
1) Read about Nurses in the Civil War
(page 471).
 2) List 4-5 key achievements made by
these nurses.
 3) Design a symbol/slogan that represents
their achievements/accomplishments.

Guideline Questions: Pages 472-475
1) What were the two victories for the
Confederates? Why were they successful?
 2) What happens at Pickett’s Charge?
 3) What was Lincoln’s message in his
Gettysburg Address speech?

Guideline Questions: Pages 475-477
1) Define Total War.
 2) How was Grant able to beat the
Confederates? What were his strategies?
 3) Who did Lincoln defeat in the Election
of 1864?
 4) How does the war end?

Section 5:Victory at Appomattox
I. Confederate Victories
A. Fredericksburg: Lee’s Army outlasts
General Ambrose Burnside and the Union
soldiers
B. Chancellorsville: victory at the wooden
ground for the Confederates
C. However, South suffers a big loss with the
death of Stonewall Jackson, Lee’s biggest
supporter
D. Lee moves north to Pennsylvania, and if
successful would head south to D.C.

Section 5:Victory at Appomattox
II. Lee at Gettysburg (June 30th 1863)
A. Confederates drove Union out of town
B. Cemetery Ridge: General Longstreet
and South are training and want to move
South because he did not like the Union’s
position, Lee wanted to keep fighting
C. Lee’s mind is made up and continues
fighting, suffering severe losses, and
Longstreet urges him to march South again

Section 5:Victory at Appomattox
D. Pickett’s Charge: Lee sends 15,000 men
to Cemetery Ridge under Gen George
Pickett
- Longstreet still disagreed and gave the
signal
- Union rifles opened fire and Confederates
dropped in drastic numbers
E. Pickett’s Charge fails, Lee retreats, and
the war is at a turning point
Section 5:Victory at Appomattox
III. Aftermath of Gettysburg
A. 40,000 wounded or dead
B. Gettysburg Address: November 19th,
1863, Lincoln sums up as the Union is a
democratic nation that all men are created
equal of the people, by the people, and for
the people

Section 5:Victory at Appomattox
IV. Total War: destroying everything including
food and equipment for soldiers and civilians
(success for the Union)
A. Grant is Lincoln’s Union commander
B. Grant sends Gen Philip Sheridan to
destroy the Shenandoah Valley, their farms, and
livestock
C. Grant sends Gen George Sherman to
Atlanta, they burn the city, burn railroad tracks,
and burned homes, barns, and factories

Section 5:Victory at Appomattox
V. Lincoln Is Reelected in 1864
A. Lincoln runs against Democrat George
McClellan
B. McClellan: more willing to compromise
with South
C. Sherman’s Atlanta victory and Sheridan’s
Shenandoah Valley victory increased
Lincoln’s support, he defeats McClellan

Section 5:Victory at Appomattox
VI. The War Ends (South cannot replace men
and supplies)
A. Lee’s army is shrinking
B. Grant keeps Lee under siege for 9 months
at Petersburg
C. April 2 1865, Petersburg and Richmond fall
on the same day
D. April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders at
Appomattox Courthouse
E. Grant offers Confederate army generous
terms of surrender
