Transcript Unit 4- The Antebellum Periodx - mshsAmyCampbell

UNIT IV- THE ANTEBELLUM PERIOD
Part One: Manifest Destiny
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Manifest Destiny
The idea the Americans would
expand to the Pacific Ocean
started with Thomas Jefferson
(Lewis and Clark expedition)
Americans believed their
movement westward and
southward was destined and
ordained by God
An editor of a newspaper
called it “manifest destiny”

Westward movement was obvious
What do you see
in the picture?
The Frontier Draws Settlers
The Panic of 1837
convinced people that
they were better off
with a fresh start in the
West
 Tons of land out west
 Farming and mining
for gold!!

Trails to the West
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Santa Fe Trail- 780 miles from
Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe,
New Mexico
Oregon Trail- Started in
Independence, Missouri and ended in
Portland, Oregon
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Fertile soil, lots of rainfall
Traveled in wooden-wheeled Conestoga
wagons
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Walked, and pushed handcarts
Trip took months, many died of disease
Caravans provided protection against Indian
attacks and loneliness
By 1844, about 4,000 Americans settled in
Oregon
Mormon Movement
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Utah
Led by Brigham Young
Mormons migrated across the Great Plains and
the Rocky Mountains to establish the colony of
New Zion on the shore of the Great Salt Lake.
Migrated due to religious persecution
Prospered as farmers and traders
Successful in irrigating desert region
California
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In 1848, workers at John Sutter’s
sawmill found flecks of gold in the
American River.
1848: population around 14,000
1849: population around 100,000
1852: population around 200,000
California Gold Rush- fortune seekers
known as “forty-niners” fled to the
area in search of gold
Most were unmarried men (only 5% of
the population were women, 10%
Chinese)
Brought commercial prosperity and an
increase in gold findings elsewhere.
(http://telly.com/A1XZE)
Expansion in Texas

Mexico offered land
grants to Americans
settlers, but cultural
conflicts eventually
led to Texas
rebelling against the
Mexican government
to gain its
independence.
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In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged Americans settlers
to move into Texas
Mexican government gave land grants:
 To prevent border violations by horse thieves and
protect against Indian attacks
 Americans pledged to obey Mexican laws and
observed Roman Catholicism
 Stephen Austin– took the first group of 300 families
of American settlers to Texas
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Tension between Mexico and Americans
living in TX grew over cultural
differences and slavery
 Many southerners moving in and
bringing slaves
 Mexico abolished slavery in 1824
Mexico seals its borders in 1830
Austin wanted greater self-government
for Texas but was unsuccessful
Mexican President, Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna imprisoned Austin for inciting
revolution
The Alamo
(1836) –Spanish mission in San Antonio
used as a fort
 Attacked by Santa Anna’s Mexican
army
 All 187 Texan defenders of the Alamo
were killed by the Mexican army
 William Travis –commander of Texas
forces at the Alamo
 Jim Bowie -famous gambler known for
side knives
 Davy Crockett –famous woodsman from
Tennessee
 “Remember the Alamo!”= war cry for
Texans fighting for independence
http://www.history.com/shows/america-thestory-of-us/videos/the-alamo)

-March 2, 1836- Texans declare their
independence from Mexico
-1845- Texas joins the Union
THE WAR WITH MEXICO
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California tried to rebel against Mexico but is unsuccessful
President James K. Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to
purchase California but Mexico refuses
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War started with Mexico over the southern border of Texas
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Rebels declared their independence from Mexico
Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked US forces that
were positioned there led by Gen. Zachary Taylor
War was declared May 1846
Many Americans supported war due to the belief in
Manifest Destiny
Encouraged economic opportunities and land for
farming
America Gains the Spoils of War
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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
–officially ended the MexicanAmerican War
Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande
as the southern border of Texas
Mexican Cession –California, New
Mexico, and Utah Territories ceded
from Mexico to the U.S.
Gadsden Purchase established the
current boundaries of the lower 48
states
U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for
the Mexican Cession
Part Two: Pre-Civil War
Sectionalism
The issue of slavery dominated U.S. politics in the 1850s.
Differences Between North and South
North
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Economy based on
manufacturing and
industrialization
Railroad construction very
common
Urbanization (growth of
cities)
Immigration from European
countries was common
South
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Economy based on
agriculture and slavery –
cotton was the major cash
crop (King Cotton)
Primarily a rural region of
plantations and small farms
Lack of railroads and
industry
No significant European
immigration to the South
STOP AND THINK!

How did the economy in the North differ from that
in the South?
•
Extension of slavery- Biggest problem
•
•
North and West thought it was wrong
South in favor because of cotton
•
South thought that the North and West were against the
extension of slavery because they wanted to decrease the
power of the South
STOP AND THINK!!!

What impact did the growth of cotton have on the
system of slavery?
Events Leading Up to the Civil War
Missouri Compromise
•
Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
•
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At this time, the US had 10 slave state and 10 free
states
Under the leadership of Henry Clay
Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as
a slave state- keeps the balance
Missouri Compromise drew a line through the
Louisiana Purchase along the 36th parallel
•
•
Slavery allowed below the line, but not above (except for
Missouri)
This was an attempt to resolve the issue of slavery in the
western territory
STOP AND THINK!
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How did the Missouri Compromise temporarily settle
the debate over slavery?
How did the Missouri Compromise promote
Sectionalism?
Slavery in the Territories
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Wilmot Proviso –def. –plan to ban
slavery from expanding into lands
won from Mexico during the Mexican
War
Sparked sectional conflict over
slavery issue –North vs. South
California applied for statehood as
a free state
Gold Rush of 1849 led to an
explosion in California’s population
Upset Southerners –demanded that
slavery be allowed to expand West
The Compromise of 1850
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Henry Clay (aka “The Great
Compromiser”) -wanted to
avoid conflict between North
and South, developed a
compromise
California = free state
New Mexico and Utah
territories would use popular
sovereignty to decide slavery
issue
Popular sovereignty– the
residents of a territory would
vote for or against slavery
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New Mexico and Texas border dispute settled in
favor of New Mexico, but Texas received debts
paid by federal government
Slave trade in Washington D.C. was abolished
Very popular in the North, very controversial in the
South
New Fugitive Slave Law passed in order to return
escaped slaves to plantations in the South
Very popular in the South, very controversial in the
North
Protest, Resistance, and Violence

Main Idea: Proslavery
factions in the South and
antislavery factions in the
North disagreed over the
treatment of fugitive
slaves and the spread of
slavery to the territories.
This resulted in increased
sectionalism between the
regions.
Fugitive Slaves and the Underground
Railroad

Fugitive Slave Law
 Northerners
angered by the new Fugitive
Slave Law-part of the Compromise of 1850
 Runaway slaves could NOT testify in court
and no trial by jury
 Helping an escaped slave resulted in fines
and jail time
The Underground Railroad
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The Underground Railroad
was a secret network of
abolitionists who would help
fugitive slaves escape to the
North and Canada
Harriet Tubman–former
slave and “conductor” on
the underground railroad
Made 19 trips and helped
300 people to freedom
Nicknamed “Moses” of her
people for her efforts
http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-ofus/videos/harriet-tubman-and-the-undergroundrailroad
)
Abolitionism
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Movement to end slavery
William Lloyd Garrison- publisher of the
Liberator and abolitionist newspaper
• Demanded immediate emancipation
(freeing of slaves) with no payment to
slaveholders
Frederick Douglass- ex-slave, speaks
publicly about his experience as a slave
Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852)
• Strong reactions from the North and South
• Message: Slavery not just a political and
economic issue but is now a moral issue
Tensions in Kansas
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 –Stephen Douglas’ plan to organize
territories in the West
Popular sovereignty-settlers in the
territories would vote for or against
slavery in both Kansas and Nebraska
Repealed the Missouri Compromise–
Kansas and Nebraska were both north of
the 36 30’ parallel line (slavery had been
banned North of that line)
Sectional tensions exploded –Northerners
resented the idea that slavery could
expand to lands where slavery had been
banned
Led to the formation of the Republican
Party
“Bleeding Kansas”
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Settlers poured in from the North
and South- Kansas ready to
become a state
•
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Thousands of people from slave
state Missouri crossed into Kansas
and voted illegally for slavery to
be allowed
Violence raged through Kansas
•
Some 200 people were killed
Stop and think!
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Why was popular sovereignty controversial?
Why did Kansas become a center of controversy
over the issue of slavery?
The Birth of the Republican Party
Main Idea – In the
mid-1850s, the issue
of slavery and other
factors split political
parties and led to the
birth of new ones,
including the
Republican Party.

New Political Parties
 Whig
Party–collapsed by 1854
due to conflicts over slavery
 Know Nothing Party (American
Party) –established 1854
 Members
believed in nativism–
def. –favoring of native-born
Americans over immigrants
 anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic
Republican Party
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Established in1854
Opposed to the
expansion of slavery into
western territories
Supported by many
people in the North as a
result of “Bleeding
Kansas”
Slavery and Secession
Main Idea –A
series of
controversial
events heightened
the sectional
conflict that
brought the
nation to the
brink of civil war.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
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Dred Scott Decision(1857)
Background: Dred Scott –African
American slave from Missouri who sued
for his freedom because his master had
moved him to the free state of Illinois
Roger B. Taney(Chief Justice) -ruled
that African Americans were not citizens
Missouri Compromise line was
unconstitutional because it violated
property rights
Sectionalism exploded –decision hated
by North and cheered by South
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM7onFP9vUQ)
Stop and think!

What was the significance of the Dred Scott
decision?
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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(1858)
Lincoln challenged Douglas to a
series of debates on slavery in
the western territories as part
of their senate race in 1858
Douglas won the senate race,
but Lincoln became known
throughout the North as a
possible presidential candidate
in 1860
Douglas believed in popular
sovereignty and that slavery
would pass away on its own
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry
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(1859)
John Brown –abolitionist who wanted to
lead a slave revolt in the South
Harpers Ferry –federal armory and
arsenal
Brown’s goal was to capture weapons
for slaves and lead revolt
John Brown was captured and hanged
for treason
Sectionalism between North and South
exploded
In the South, John Brown was viewed as
an evil murderer
In the North, some people viewed Brown
as a heroic martyr, others agreed with
his views but thought that he was too
radical in his actions
Election of 1860

Candidates
 Abraham
Lincoln(Republican)
 Stephen
Douglas(Northern
Democrat)
 John C.
Breckenridge(Southern
Democrat)
 John
Bell(Constitutional
Union Party)
Lincoln wins!
Lincoln won electoral
college but only won 39%
of popular vote
 He won all northern states
 He won no southern states
 South was upset at
Lincoln’s election –led
directly to secession crisis

http://www.history.com/topics/1860election/videos#abraham-lincoln
Secession Crisis
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(1860-1861)
South Carolina –seceded
from the Union as a result
of Lincoln’s election
Followed by Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and
Texas
Confederate States of America
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(CSA)–Confederacy
created by southern
states that seceded from
the Union
Emphasized states rights
Devoted to the protection
of slavery
Jefferson Davis = former
senator who became the
president of the
Confederacy

Now that we have discussed all the events
leading to the Civil War, what is the main
cause of the Civil War and why?
Part Three: The Civil War Begins
Main Idea –The secession crisis ultimately
resulted in the American Civil War
between the North and the South from
1861-1865.
The Civil War’s Greatest Myth
http://www.history.com/topics/frederick-douglass/videos#civil-wars-greatestmyth)
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
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Fort Sumter–an island fort in Charleston, South Carolina
South Carolina demanded that the U.S. army surrender the fort
April 12, 1861 –South Carolina fired on Fort Sumter, U.S. forces
surrendered
Opening confrontation of the Civil War, led Lincoln to call for
75,000 troops to put down the rebellion and preserve the Union
Caused Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee to
secede from the Union and join the Confederacy
Ft. Sumter (http://video.pbs.org/video/1832507650/)
Choosing Sides: Lee
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsW5GHRR02k&feature=related)
Northern Strategy- Anaconda Plan

Anaconda Plan–Union strategy
for victory in the Civil War
• Union navy would blockade
southern ports to prevent trade
• Union would take control of the
Mississippi River, cutting the
Confederacy into two parts
• Union armies would capture
Confederate capital of Richmond,
Virginia
• Most difficult objective due to
the leadership of Robert E. LeeConfederate commander of the
Army of Northern Virginia who
opposed secession but felt loyalty
to his home state of Virginia
Confederate Strategy
•
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Fight until enemy gives
up
Defensive strategy
•
Stand your ground!
More States Secede
•
Four more states secede- Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Arkansas
•
•
Western counties of Virginia were antislavery so they seceded
from Virginia- admitted into the Union as West VA in 1863
Four remaining slave states remained in the Union
•
Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
Battle of Bull Run
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•
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July 21, 1861- was the first
major bloodshed of the war
Lincoln ordered 30,000
soldiers to move from DC to
capture Richmond
Met at Bull Run (Manassas) by
Confederate troops
Battle went back and forth
but eventually the
Confederates won
•
•
General “Stonewall” Jackson led
confederates- “There is Jackson
standing like a stone wall”
Union troops retreated to D.C.
http://www.history.com/videos/first-battle-of-bullrun#first-battle-of-bull-run)
Battle of Antietam
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The Battle of Antietam
(Sharpsburg, MD)–
September 17, 1862
George B. McClellan (U.S.)
vs. Robert E. Lee (C.S.) in
Maryland
Bloodiest single day in
American History –23,000
casualties
Lee’s army retreated to
Virginia, Lincoln able to
issue the Emancipation
Proclamation
http://www.history.com/videos/thebattle-of-antietam#the-battle-ofantietam)
The Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Lincoln -January 1, 1863
http://www.history.com/videos/lincolns-legacyof-emancipation#lincolns-legacy-ofemancipation)
 Freed slaves located in “rebelling” states
(states that had seceded and were still in
rebellion against the U.S. government)
 Turning Point in the War

Made the end of slavery a Northern war
aim/goal
 Discouraged European powers (like Great
Britain and France) from supporting the
Confederacy
 Allowed for the enlistment of African-American
soldiers in the Union Army
 After the Proclamation
http://www.history.com/videos/after-theemancipation#after-the-emancipation)

Stop and Think!!

How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the
course of the Civil War?
LIFE DURING WARTIME AND THE
NORTH TAKES CHARGE
Main Idea –The Civil
War brought about
dramatic social and
economic changes in
American society. Key
Northern victories such
as Vicksburg and
Gettysburg helped the
Union wear down the
Confederacy. The
North’s eventual win in
the Civil War
preserved the Union.
African Americans Fight for Freedom
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African American soldiers –
allowed to enlist following
the issuing of the
Emancipation Proclamation
Represented 10% of entire
Union army by the end of
the war
Discrimination was common
Paid less than white troops
Segregated units with
white officers
African American Slaves

Seized opportunity
presented by the
approach of Union
armies to escape from
slavery and achieve
freedom
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
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Mainly due to high casualties in battle,
poor living conditions, and disease
Camp life –lonely, boring, repetitive
Lack of sanitation, poor quality food,
lack of proper medical care
Warfare –brutal battles fought with
outdated tactics and advanced
weapons led to high casualties
Many soldiers were killed, even more
returned home wounded or crippled
Many soldiers often kept wartime
diaries and sent letters home to
record the harsh realities of civil war
soldier life
The North Takes Charge
Battle of Gettysburg
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Battle of Gettysburg –July 1-3, 1863
(Pennsylvania)
Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern
Virginia invaded the North
Union victory –Lee’s army forced to retreat to
Virginia
51,000 casualties in 3 days –largest battle of
the Civil War
Turning point of the Civil War in the Union’s
favor
•Gettysburg:
•Pickett’s Charge
•Chamberlain’s Charge: History Channel &
Gettysburg
http://www.history.com/videos/chamberlain-atgettysburg#chamberlain-at-gettysburg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqT8PMBtIKI&feature=relate
d
Battle of Vicksburg
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Battle of Vicksburg –
July 4th, 1863
Ulysses S. Grant
(Union) captured
Vicksburg on the
Mississippi River
Union controlled all of
the Mississippi River,
which cut the
Confederacy in half
The Gettysburg Address
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Lincoln attended the dedication of
the national cemetery in
Gettysburg
Gettysburg Address –Lincoln’s 2
minute speech
Said that the United States was
one nation, not a federation of
independent states
Lincoln identified the reasons for
fighting the Civil War
To preserve a nation that was
dedicated to the proposition that
“all men are created equal”
To preserve a nation that was
dedicated ruled by a government
“of the people, by the people, and
for the people.”
The Confederacy Wears Down
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http://www.history.com/videos/surrenderat-appomattox-courthouse#surrender-atappomattox-courthouse

Lincoln made U.S. Grant the commander in
chief of Union forces in 1864
Grant decided to take on Lee’s army in
Virginia, while William T. Sherman attacked
Atlanta
Sherman captured Atlanta in September
1864
Grant captured Richmond in April 1865
Both Atlanta and Richmond were destroyed
Appomattox –April 9th, 1865
Lee surrendered his army to U.S. Grant –
urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite
as Americans again
Marked the end of the Civil War with a
Northern victory and an end to the
Confederacy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy3nOP_j9E&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PLA5401D4D7
97674C7)
The War’s Impact
Long and costly war concluded with:
 Northern victory = preservation of the Union
 Southern defeat = end to states’ rights and
secession arguments
 Emancipation of the slaves
 Federal government stronger than individual state
governments
 Destruction of Southern economy
(http://www.history.com/videos/legacy-of-the-civil-war#legacy-of-the-civil-war)

Legacy of the War

The War Changes the Nation
Political
Economical
Social
Political Changes

Federal government
viewed as supreme
to state governments
•Secession no longer
an option for states
Economic Changes
Northern Economy
Northern and Midwestern states
had booming economies
•Based on business,
manufacturing and industrial
growth
•Railroads were built in
increasing numbers
•Transcontinental Railroad (from
East to West) was completed by
1869
http://www.history.com/topics/trans
continentalrailroad/videos#transcontinentalrailroad)

Southern Economy

Economies of Southern
states were devastated
•Slavery was abolished,
eliminating the #1 labor
source in agriculture
•Many cities were
destroyed –including
Richmond and Atlanta
•Most railroads and many
farms were destroyed
•Confederate money was
worthless
Social Changes


Many veterans on both
sides had permanent
disabilities
13th Amendment–
abolished slavery in
the United States
War Changes Lives

Ulysses S. Grant
Urged northerners not to be
harsh with former Confederates
 Elected President of the United
States in 1868 and 1872
 Advocated rights for freedmen
(former slaves)
 http://www.history.com/videos/
president-ulysses-s-grant-thecelebrity#president-ulysses-sgrant-the-celebrity)

Robert E. Lee
Urged southerners to
reconcile and rejoin the Union
 Served as President of
Washington College (now
Washington and Lee)
 Emphasized the importance
of education to the nation’s
future
http://www.history.com/videos/
robert-e-lee#robert-e-lee)

Frederick Douglass
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Supported full equality for
African-Americans
Encouraged federal
government to take action
that would protect the rights
of freedmen in the South
Advocated for the passage
of the 14thand 15th
Amendments
Served as ambassador to
Haiti
Abraham Lincoln
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Assassinated 5 days after
Lee’s surrender at Appomattox
Court House
Shot by John Wilkes Booth at
Ford’s Theatre in Washington
DC
Never had a chance to
implement his plans for
Reconstruction
http://www.history.com/videos/theother-side-of-lincoln-lincolnsassassination#the-other-side-of-lincolnlincolns-assassination)