Transcript 1861-1865 Civil War Major Battles Events

Civil War - Major
Battles & Events
United States History, Chapter 15
What were the military technologies
available at the time of the Civil
War?
●Conical bullets…more accurate and longer
range
What were the military technologies
available at the time of the Civil
War?
●Balloons…aerial reconnaissance and sniper fire
What were the military technologies
available at the time of the Civil
War?
●Ironclads…armor-plated steam ships (similar to
a submarine)
What were the military technologies
available at the time of the Civil
War?
● Cannons…similar to the Revolutionary War arms
but more deadly due to increased accuracy,
distance, and shot size
● Grape shot (canister fire)…a system incorporating
a tin can filled will a random number of lead balls
that would explode through the can upon firing
What were the military technologies
available at the time of the Civil
War?
●Telegraph…allowed generals to learn the results
of maneuvers and battles almost immediately,
as long as lines were present and not cut
What were the strategies used
by both sides during the Civil
War?
●Union
o The Anaconda
 Blockade southern ports,
control the rivers, and
slowly destroy the
Confederate army
●Confederacy
o The War of Attrition
 Prolong the war as best
possible and when the
Union tires of the conflict
strike hard and fast
The Anaconda Plan
What was the fighting like?
●Napoleonic Tactics
o A vast majority of the battles were fought by soldiers
assembled in rows walking towards other soldiers
assembled in rows
Based on these
tactics & new
weaponry between
11% and 20% of all
soldiers were either
wounded or killed
during the Civil War
What happened to those soldiers
who were wounded?
●Medical Care
o Horrible…typical
operation (75%)
was amputation
performed without
antiseptic or
anesthetic
Cases
Deaths
% Fatal
Fingers
7,902
198
2.5
Forearms
1,761
245
13.9
Upper Arms 5,540
1,273
23.0
Toes
1,519
81
5.3
Shins
5,523
1,790
32.4
Thighs
6,369
3,411
53.6
Knee Joints 195
111
56.9
Hip Joints
66
55
83.3
161
119
73.9
Ankle
What were the total causualties
of the Civil War?
● Union
(Numbers are approximate)
o Battle deaths: 110,070
o Disease: 250,152
o TOTAL 360,222
● Confederacy
o Battle deaths: 94,000
o Disease: 164,000
o TOTAL 258,000
● The United States
o TOTAL 618,222
● The Civil War was, and is, the most deadly war in
United States’ history!
st
1
Battle of Bull Run –
Manassas, VA
 1st Major battle of Civil War in VA, July
1861
 Union led by General McDowell – 35,000
 Confederates led by Beauregaurd 22,000
 Met at Bull Run Creek, Manassas
 Hundreds of people from the North
gathered to watch the battle and picnic
General McDowell
st
1
Battle Bull Run
Continued
 10,000 more Confederates arrive under
General Thomas Jackson.
 “…look there’s Jackson standing like a
stonewall.”
 Became “Stonewall” Jackson
 Confederates Win!
 North realized war would not be easy or
quick – Lincoln begins to doubt his
generals
Battle of Bull Run, July 1861
“Stonewall” Jackson
Chaos at Manassas
2nd Battle of Bull Run
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Fought in August, 1862
Confederates – Gen. Robert E. Lee
Union – George McClellan
Confederates Win (again)!
Robert E. Lee
Hampton Roads, March
1862
 1st battle ever fought with ironclad ships
 Monitor was the Union ship (North)
 Merrimac was the Confederate Ship
(South – renamed Virginia)
 The battle was near the Chesapeake Bay
in Hampton Roads, VA.
 Battle is a draw (no winners) – Invention
of ironclad ships proves to be successful
Monitor – Union Ship
(North)
Merrimac – Confederate
Ship (South)
Battle of Shiloh – April 6-7,
1862 – Tennessee
 Bloodiest single day battle in U.S. History!
 North - General Grant, 66,000 troops
 1,800 killed, 12,000 wounded/missing
 South - General Johnston, 45,000 troops
 1,700 killed, 9,000 wounded/missing
 Important victory for the Union – Stopped
Confederate advance, gave Lincoln political
momentum
Battle of Antietam – Sept.
17, 1862 – Maryland
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Bloodiest single day battle in U.S. History!
General McClellan – North (Union)
General Robert E. Lee – South (Confederates)
12,000 Union + 13,000 Confederate Casualties
 Important victory for the Union – Stopped
Lee’s advance North – UNION WINS!
Antietam - Continued
 Sept 4, 1862 – Lee and 40,000
Confederate Soldiers arrive in Maryland.
 Lee issues a Proclamation urging people
in MD to join the Confederates
 They don’t.
 Union Soldiers find Lee’s battle plans
wrapped around his cigar
 Soldiers take plans to McClellan.
 He does nothing for 4 days (too timid)!
 Armies clash at Antietam Creek
(Sharpsburg) on Sept.17, 1862
Antietam Continued
 After the battle – Lincoln created the
Emancipation Proclamation
 War Strategy to weaken Southern war
effort
 Emancipation Proclamation set
(Confederate only) Slaves Free
 He fired General McClellan
General McClellan
Lincoln visits Antietam
•War Department also gave “contrabands”
(escaped slaves) the right to join the Union army
in South Carolina
 About 180,00 African Americans served with the Union
Army
Growing Opposition
•A group of northern Democrats began to speak out against the
war – Peace Democrats (Led by Ohio Representative
Vallandigham).
•Their enemies called them “copperheads,” comparing them to a
poisonous snake.
•Copperheads were midwesterners that sympathized with the
south and opposed abolition. They called for an end to the war.
•Lincoln, seeing them as a threat, suspended the right of Habeus
Corpus- the right to know what your crime is if you are jailed
•Habeus Corpus is the Constitutional protection against unlawful
imprisonment
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
 South - Robert E. Lee, 23,000 troops
 4,700 killed; 18,000 wounded/missing
 North - George Meade, 23,000 troops
 3,200 killed; 19,000 wounded/missing
 Bloodiest (worst) battle in Civil War
 Known for Pickett’s Charge (South) –
Confederates Slaughtered
 Became a Cemetery where Lincoln gave
the Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg - Continued
 Spring 1863 – Lee split forces into 2
groups.
 While riding the front lines – Stonewall
Jackson is shot by his own men. Jackson
dies a few days later.
 Lee launches more attacks – Goal is to
break the North’s will to fight.
Gettysburg Continued
 Victory at Gettysburg was on same day
as Victory in Vicksburg.
 Turning Point of the War for North!
 After Gettysburg – France and
England refused to help / support the
C.S.A.
George Meade (North)
General Meade’s HQ
Gettysburg, PA
Soldiers at Gettysburg, PA
Federal (Union) Casualties
Gettysburg Address
 Nov. 19, 1863 – Lincoln gives speech at
Gettysburg.
 Dedication speech for battlefield
cemetery.
 269 words, less than a 2 minunte
speech!
Cemetery Dedication
Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg Cemetery
Siege at Vicksburg,
Mississippi- ended early July 1863
 General Grant (North)
 Pemberton (South)
 Goal – Split the South and take control of
Mississippi River (Admiral Farragut had taken
New Orleans, Baton Rouge & Natchez)
 Turning point of the war (North gets upper
hand & control of the west)
 Grant seals off city and starves people out.
 People eat dogs, horses, rats (7 weeks)
 People live in caves to avoid being hit with
shells.
Vicksburg Continued
 Confederate Soldiers almost mutiny!
 Confederates surrender on July 4th.
 Vicksburg did not celebrate the 4th of July
again for almost 80 years.
 North wins!
Siege of Vicksburg
General U.S. Grant
Sherman’s March-
TOTAL WAR
•Lincoln needed a victory for the Union
Army to help him win the election of
1864
•Sherman’s goal – Campaign to
destroy the south’s infrastructure and
provide Lincoln with victory – it worked!
Sherman's March to the
Sea
 William Tecumseh Sherman (North)
 Marches 100,000 troops from Atlanta, GA to
Savannah, GA.
 Goal: Destroy everything in their path
(buildings, RR, homes, farms, animals)
 Strategy: TOTAL WAR!
 Total War – Destroying civilian and economic
resources.
 Left path of destruction 60 miles wide –
angered the south deeply!
William Tecumseh
Sherman
End of War – Appomattox
Courthouse, Virginia
 April 9th – 1865
 Union (Gen. Grant) & Confederate (Lee) meet
in Appomattox Courthouse (small town)
 Grant assured Lee that his troops would be fed
and allowed to keep horses.
 They would not be tried for treason.
 President Davis called for guerilla warfare- Lee
declined
 “The war is over, the rebels are our
countrymen again.”
McLean Home
Effects of the War
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About 620,000 Americans died
Slavery was ended-13th Amendment
South was in ruins
Southern economy destroyed
Hostility between North & South
How does Lincoln re-unite Country
again? He won’t have the chance