Transcript Civil_War PPT

1860 Election
• Democratic Party split in two
– Northern democrats nominated Stephen
Douglas; Southern democrats regarded him
as a traitor to his party because of his position
on Lecompton and Freeport Doctrine
– Southern democrats nominated John
Breckinridge
• Kentucky moderate who favored preservation of
Union
• Platform was extension of slavery into territories
and annexation of Cuba (slave as well)
1860 Election
• Constitutional Union Party
– John Bell of Tennessee was the nominee
• Compromise candidate from border state
– Party made up of former Whigs from border
states and members of the Know-Nothing
party
– Main goal/platform was to elect a compromise
candidate to preserve the union
1860 Election
• Republican Party
– Nominate Abraham Lincoln
• William Seward was first choice but party decided
he was too radical so Lincoln was seen as a
moderate
– Platform :
• Non-extension of slavery (for Freesoilers)
• Protective tariff (for industrialists)
• No loss of rights for immigrants (against Know
Nothings)
• Transcontinental Railroad (for West)
• Internal improvements at Federal expense (for
West)
• Free homesteads from public domain (for West)
1860 Election
• Southern secessionists warned that
election of Lincoln would split the union
– Lincoln was not an abolitionist- he was a freesoiler, but he issued no statement to quell
Southern fears
– Lincoln chose not to campaign- he let his
record stand on its own
• Election marked the start of the civil war?
Lincoln won with
less than 40%
Won all Northern
states except MO
And NJ
Lincoln not
allowed on the
ballot in 10
Southern states
•303 total
electoral votes
and 152 to win.
Election of 1860
Once Lincoln is
elected as
president, South
Carolina now feels
justified in
seceding from the
United States
(Secession: 12/30;
election had been
11/6)
Secession!: SC Dec.
20, 1860
Inaugural Address
• Lincoln vowed to preserve the Union
– “hold, occupy, and possess” all Federal
property in the South
– “physically speaking, we cannot separate”
– Careful not to offend border slave states with
“hawkish” rhetoric
– Republicans and Democratic Unionists
supported the speech
– Lower South saw it as a war message
Fort Sumter
• Located at the mouth of Charleston
Harbor, Fort Sumter was one of the last
remaining Federal forts in the South
• Major Robert Anderson commanded the
Federal troops in the fort
– Notified Lincoln that the fort would soon be
out of supplies and without them, he would
have to surrender to confederate forces which
now surrounded him
Fort Sumter
• Lincoln was in a no-win situation
– Not sending supplies would ruin his credibility to
uphold the Union
– Sending supplies would be perceived as an act of war
by Confederacy
• North did not really have any more soldiers to send on such
short notice if it did lead to war
• Lincoln notified South Carolina that he was
sending only supplies and no additional soldiers to
the fort
– If war breaks out, Lincoln wanted the South to fire first
– April 9, 1861, a ship carrying supplies leaves New
York
Fort Sumter
• April 12, 1861- 70 confederate cannons
begin bombardment of Fort Sumter
– Anderson’s garrison held for 34 hours before
they were forced to surrender the fort
– Anderson’s men allowed to return North
– No loss of life on either side in the first official
skirmish of the Civil War
Picture: Fort Sumter 1
Fort Sumter 2
WAR IS ON
• April 15, 1861- Lincoln calls for 75,000
volunteers for a 90 day military service
• Before Sumter many Americans thought
South had the right to secede but with
attack, many northerners to fight for honor
of the North and to preserve the Union
– Lincoln’s plan had worked- South was seen
as the aggressors and the North as the victim
WAR PLANS
• April 19, 1861- Lincoln proclaims a
blockade of Southern ports
– Ineffective at first but eventually strangled the
South
• May 3, 1861- Lincoln calls for 3 year
volunteers
– 90 day militia not sufficient
• 4 more states (VA, AK, TN, and NC)
secede
– Viewed Lincoln as waging war
– Richmond replaces Montgomery as capital of
Confederacy
Border States
• Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and (later)
West Virginia
– Remained in the Union since North didn’t start the
war
– Contained over 50% of white population in the
South
– Crucial to Union cause- sent 300,000 soldiers into
Union army
– Lincoln said he was “hoping to have God on his
side, but he would rather have Kentucky”
– West Virginia broke away from Virginia in 1861 to
join Union
– Strongest case against slavery being the cause
• Slavery existed in border states but they still fought with
Union
– Family members often joined opposite sides of
conflict
Border States
• Politically, Lincoln had to keep border
states in mind when making decisionsthere was always the threat of them
switching sides
– Declared war was being fought to preserve
union- not about freeing the slaves
– Heavily criticized by abolitionists who saw him
as a sell-out
VA. 8
West Virginia secedes
from Virginia in 1863 and
sides with USA.
Border states/slaves states
remain loyal to the Union
Secession
Confederate Advantages
• Defensive War
– Only needed a stalemate- not an outright victory
• North had to invade, conquer, occupy, and reintegrate
the South
– Fewer troops could defend against a larger
invading Northern Army
• Until emancipation of slaves in 1862, many
people felt South had the superior moral
cause
– Fought for self determination, its culture, its
homeland, and freedoms (for whites)
Confederate Advantages
• Superb military officers
– Robert E. Lee- one of the greatest military leaders in U.S.
History commanded the army of Northern Virginia
• Offered command of US forces by Lincoln, but elected to join
confederacy to remain loyal to his home state (VA)
– Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson
• Lee’s “right-hand” man
• Union officers were particularly inept through the 1st 3
years until they were replaced by “ruffians” from the
west (Grant and Sherman)
• Southern soldiers more adept at this kind of life
(outdoorsmen, hunters, etc.)- knew the land
• Shorter supply and communication lines
• Sympathetic population
• More unified in their cause
Northern Advantages
• Population of 22,000,000 to South’s 9,000,000
(which includes 3.5 million slaves)
• ¾ of the nation’s wealth
– Overwhelming advantage in manufacturing, shipping,
and banking
•
•
•
•
¾ of the railroads in the U.S.
Control of the seas
Stronger leadership at the Federal level
Ideal of preserving the union and, later,
emancipation gave them the moral high ground
BLUE/USA
GRAY/CSA
•United States of America
or Union
•President Abraham Lincoln
•Capital: Washington, D.C.
•Feds-----Federal
•Yanks-----Yankees
•Bluebellies
•Blue coats
•Confederate States of America
•President Jefferson Davis
•Capital: Richmond, VA
•Rebs------Rebels---”Johnny Rebs”
•Secessh-------Seccession
•Graycoats
•Yellow bellies
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Population Factories
Based on %
North
South
Wealth
Cotton





22 states
22,000,000 population
Industrial economy
Majority of transportation
Lincoln, a military novice.
–

Learns to be an exceptional
commander in chief
Believe war is about ending
slavery and preserving
the Union.


11 states
9,000,000
– includes 3.5 million slaves

Agricultural economy
– Exports, not food
Limited manufacturing and
railroad lines.
 Davis, military experience.

–

Fought in Mexican war
Belief war is about states
rights, independence
and preserving their
way of life.
“The North’s major advantage would be its
economy and the South’s main disadvantage
was its economy”
•Born in Kentucky
•Born in Kentucky
•Self-educated
•Served as Secretary of War
•Congressmen from Illinois
•Senator from Mississippi
•Abolitionist
•Slaveowner
•First Presidential candidate
for the Republican Party
•Served as Secretary of State
•Minority president
•First and only President of the
CSA
 Strategy
evolved over 4 years of fighting
 Initially
plan was to win the war in Virginia by capturing
Richmond- failed badly (Bull Run, Peninsula campaign,
Chancellorsville)
 Gen Winfield
Scott’s Anaconda Plan
– Control river systems: cut confederacy in 2 by taking
Mississippi River
– Blockade and seizure of ports
 Later
turned to a war of attrition under Grant and
Sherman
 Don’t allow Confederacy to rest.
 Devastate the South by cutting a swath
through GA. And
then sending troops through the Carolinas
 Always
tried to keep Confederate forces out of
 Defend
and delay until Union gives up (war
of attrition).
 Quick victories to demoralize Union
 Alliance with Great Britain
 Capture Washington, D.C.
 Defend Richmond
 Control border states
 Later Sought decisive battle that would
convince the Union it wasn’t worth it
 Use better military leadership to your
advantage and outsmart Union generals.
 Professional development of officers.
 1802 West Point is formed
 55 of 60 largest battles, both sides were commanded by
West Pointers.
 Artillery and Infantry schools opened.
 Professional staff begins in earnest
 Greater independence for military leaders.
 Politicians focus on strategy and are less involved in
operational and tactical decisions.
 Mexican War
 Many leaders on both sides gain valuable experience.
 First great post-Industrial Revolution war.
Telegraph
– Davis uses to gather forces for Shiloh.
– Fredericksburg sees first extensive use on the
battlefield.
Railway
– Greatly changes logistics and strategic
maneuver.
– North had good system; South had acceptable
quantity, but no standardized track width.

Outdated muskets replaced with rifle
– greatly changes tactics.
– more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets
– Minié ball (more destructive bullet)
– Cold Harbor: 2k dead in 20 minutes, another 5k wounded.

Calvary used for reconnaissance
– Scouting and skirmishes

Artillery
– invention of shells, devices that exploded in the air.
– fired canisters, special shells filled with bullets.
– Grenades
– land mines are used

Ironclads
– replaces wooden ships

Trench warfare replaces Napoleonic tactics
Eastern Theater
Western Theater

Suspended “civil liberties” or
parts of the Constitution
– writ of habeas corpus: Protects from
unfair arrest and trial by jury.
– Occupation of Baltimore: Controlled by
military---- “martial law”
– Arrested over 15,000 civilians: Without
“probable cause”---suspicious “Rebel”
sympathizers.
– Closed “rebel” newspapers: Violated 1st
amendment rights of “free speech and
press”.
First Income Tax
 Greenbacks

– 1st paper money
DATE
BATTLE VICTOR
July 1861
Bull Run
Manasses
South
Union retreats to Wash. D.C.
June 1862
7 Days
South
Lee stops McClellan from
taking Richmond
August 1862
Bull Run
South
Lee stops John Pope
from taking Richmond
*Sept. 1862
Antietam
Draw
McCellan stops Lee from
taking Washington, D.C.
Lincoln issues Emancipation
Proclamation
*Turning Point battle
RESULT
Antietam
• September 17, 1862
• Also known as battle of Sharpsburg
• Robert E. Lee, confident after a string of confederate
victories, invades the North in an attempt to gain
foreign support
• Fought in Maryland
• Bloodiest single day in history of Western
Hemisphere- 23,000 casualties
• Ended in a military stalemate
• After Lee withdrew to Virginia, McClellan refused to
pursue his army
• Enraged, Lincoln relieved McClellan from duty for a
2nd time
Antietam
• Although a military stalemate, it was a moral victory for the
north
– South is finally stopped and not invincible
– South would never really be this close to victory again
– No foreign intervention after this
– Lee lost ¼ of his army
– Considered by many historians today to be the turning
point in the war (not Gettysburg)
– In light of this “victory”, Lincoln seized the opportunity to
implement a new cause, which he had written some
time ago, but didn’t have the proper time to present it
•After the Battle of Antietam, he
announced that the slaves would
be freed.
•Became effective on Jan. 1,
1863, in those states still in
rebellion.
•Passed more to give North
moral cause and higher purpose
•Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in US
•Lincoln’s “first” step towards ending slavery.
•“Final step” 13th Amendment to the Constitution on Dec.
1865 would legally and constitutionally abolish slavery.
•Freed all slaves in states in rebellion against the US
•Did not apply to slaves in border states fighting for US
•Increase in military deserters from the border states
•South was enraged
•Northern abolitionists upset he had not gone far enough
•No affect on southern areas already under US control.
•War was NOW fought to end slavery.
•US soldiers were “Freedom Fighters”
• Kept Great
Britain from
siding with
the South
and becoming
an ally.
War was now a war to
•abolish slavery
•destroy the South
• preserve the Union
Black
troops
•Over 200,000 freed slaves fought for the US…..
•Famous 54th Black Regiment of Massachusetts which
was organized by Frederick Douglass…..
African
Americans
in Civil War
DATE
Dec. 1862
BATTLE
Fredericksburg
VICTOR
South
RESULT
Lee stops
Burnside from
taking Richmond
Jan. 1863
Chancellorsville
South
Lee stops Joe
Hooker from
taking Richmond
*July 1863
Gettysburg
North
George Meade
stops Lee from
moving into
Washington, D.C.
*Turning point battle
•
After more successes at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville, Lee invades the North
again- this time Pennsylvania
•
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania- July 1-3, 1863
•
Lee now hoping for Northern weariness of
war to escalate and Lincoln to sue for peace
•
Still holding out hope for foreign support
as well
•
After more successes at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville, Lee invades the North
again- this time Pennsylvania
•
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania- July 1-3, 1863
•
Lee now hoping for Northern weariness of
war to escalate and Lincoln to sue for peace
•
Still holding out hope for foreign support
as well
General George
Pickett
General Lee orders a frontal assault
on Union lines to break through,
surround and destroy the North.
•
Lee is soundly defeated and although the war
would last for almost 2 more years, the South
would not win another major battle
Gettysburg Casualties
•Bloodiest battle of the war (51,000 casualties)
•Lee’s retreat at Gettysburg on July 3rd and Grant’s defeat of the
South at Vicksburg on July 4th would lead to the eventual surrender
of the South by 1865.
The Gettysburg Address
“A Few Appropriate Remarks”
• 272 words
• November 19, 1863 at the dedication of
the National Cemetery
• President Lincoln was the second speaker
that day
• Professor orator Edward Everett was the
keynote speaker
• Everett speaks for two and a half hours
• President Lincoln-Two and a half minutes
On November 19, 1863, some 15,000 people gathered
at Gettysburg to honor the Union soldiers who had died
there just four months before.
He reminded people that the Civil War was being
fought to preserve a country that upheld the principles of
freedom, equality, and self-government.
The Gettysburg Address has become one of the best-
loved and most-quoted speeches in the English language.
It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war and the
importance of preserving the Union.