Transcript Civil War and Reconstruction

Ch. 3: The Civil War and Ch. 4:
Reconstruction and the New South
Section 3.1: The Union Dissolves
• Last attempts at Compromise
▫ Crittenden Compromise
(December 1860)
 Proposed by Senator John
Crittenden of Kentucky
 Restoration of the Missouri
Compromise line for all
remaining territory
 Lincoln rejects the plan, but
support the idea of allowing
slavery to exist where it already
is present
▫ Taking sides
 Lincoln and the North dedicated
to restoring the union
 Southerners set on creating a new
nation
Section 3.1: The Union Dissolves
• The Fall of Fort Sumter
▫ Fort Sumter lay in a strategic location in the harbor of
Charleston, S.C.
 The South demands the Union troops stationed there under
Major Robert Anderson to surrender the strategic fort
 Anderson refuses but is low on supplies
 Lincoln is caught if he supports the fort the upper South
may leave, but if he leaves the fort unsupplied he looks
weak towards Southern aggression
 Lincoln decides to supply the fort, in response the Confederate
Army under General PGT Beauregard besieges the fort on
April 12, 1861
▫ Anderson is outgunned and after a 34-hour bombardment
surrenders the fort on April 13
▫ In response, Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to put down the
Southern rebellion
Section 3.1: The Union Dissolves
• Choosing Sides
▫ In response to the call for troops by Lincoln, Virginia,
Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee join the
Confederacy
 Richmond, VA made new Confederate capital
▫ Four other slave states, border states Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri remain in the union
 Kentucky and Missouri divided over secession, Union
troops were placed in Maryland to ensure loyalty
▫ Northern counties in Virginia who owned little or no
slaves set up their own government and are admitted to
the Union as the new state West Virginia in 1863
▫ In this war family members will fight each other on the
battlefield
Section 3.1: The Union Dissolves
• Northern Advantages
▫ Larger population
 22 million vs. 9 million
▫ Controlled 85% of the nation’s
industrial capacity and
significant material resources
 This allowed the North to
create more supplies and
replace damaged equipment
▫ More railroads
 20,000 miles vs. 9,000 miles of
track
▫ U.S. Navy
 The South had no ships or
naval experience
• Southern Advantages
▫ Defensive War
 The South had to protect its
territory, the North had to
conquer the entire South
▫ Excellent Military Strategy and
Military Leaders
 Robert E. Lee
 Graduated from West Point
 Served in the Mexican War
 Superintendent of West
Point (1852-1855)
 Put down John Brown’s
Harper Ferry’s raid
 Opposed slavery and
secession, but choose his
state over his country
Section 3.1: The Union Dissolves
• The armies
▫ Northern Army
 By end of 1861, numbered 527,000
troops
 By war’s end, some 2,672,341 men
had enlisted
 3,530 Native Americans and
180,000 African Americans
▫ 7,000 un-commissioned Black
officers and 100 commissioned
officers
▫ Southern Army
 By end of 1861, numbered 258,000
troops
 By war’s end, some 750,000 men had
enlisted
 5,500 Native Americans
• The 1st Battle of Bull Run (July 21, 1861)
▫ Lincoln orders the Union Army under General Irvin
McDowell to head for Richmond
 McDowell’s 35,000 troops encounter 35,000 Confederate
troops under General Joseph E. Johnston near Manassas
Junction railroad crossing and Bull Run Creek
 The Union has the initial advantage until Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson rallies the collapsing Confederate left flank
▫ Union Troops retreat and fall back to Washington
▫ The aftermath of Southern Victory
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Both sides realized this war would be long and bloody
Both sides began seriously training their troops
George McClellan chosen to lead Union forces
The North disheartened over defeat
 The South now believed it could win the war
Section 3.2: North & South Face Off
• Strategies of War
▫ Anaconda Plan
 Gen. Winfield Scott creates plan to squeeze the South
 Surround the South and have the Union Navy cut off resources
coming in and out of the South
 The North divides the South into two theaters of war: West
and East
 East: Fight the Confederates near Richmond
 West: Battle for control of the Mississippi River and penetrate
the Deep South
 The South planned to conquer D.C. and invade the North
 Hope to win support of Britain and France to support the
Southern war effort
▫ The South believed Britain and France dependent on Southern
Cotton
Section 3.2: North & South Face Off
• The Military Experience
▫ Andersonville, or Camp Sumter
 One of the largest prison camps during the Civil War
 Built early in 1864 after Confederate officials decided to move
the large number of prisoners kept in and around Richmond to a
place of greater security and a more abundant food supply.
 During the 14 months the prison existed, more than 45,000 Union
Solders were confined here.
▫ Of these, almost 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition,
overcrowding, or exposure to the elements.
 After the war Henry Wirz, commandant at Camp Sumter, was
court-martialed on charges of conspiracy and murder
 Wirz was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to death. On
November 10, 1865, he was hanged.
▫ Wirz was the only Confederate official to be tried and convicted of war
crimes resulting from the Civil War.
Section 3.2: North & South Face Off
• The Military Experience
▫ Recruits on both sides were enthusiastic about the war at
first
 New recruits had little or no experience
▫ Both sides faced shortages of clothing, food, and
weapons
▫ At first, both sides had similar uniforms
 The Union chose the color blue and the rebels chose gray
▫ Thousands of troops died from illness such as influenza,
pneumonia, and typhoid
 Medical care was very primitive
 65% of soldiers who died in the war because of disease,
malnutrition, and infection.
Section 3.2: North & South Face Off
• The Home Front
▫ The North
 Women replaced men in factories and on farms when they went
to war
 Nearly 450 women served as clerks in the gov’t and 100,000 worked
in factories and sewing rooms
 American Freedman’s Aid Commission provided school teachers
to educate former slaves
 Local and State gov’ts established homes for injured soldiers and
the children of dead soldiers
▫ The South
 Mary Chesnut
 Wrote a diary about the war & her views supporting the Confederacy
 The Northern Blockade
 Brought great hardship and supply shortages to the South
Section 3.2: North & South Face Off
• Civilian Aide on the Battlefield
▫ Many women served as spies for both sides
 Examples: Harriet Tubman (Union) and Rose O’Neal
(Confederate)
▫ Elizabeth Blackwell
 1st licensed female doctor that helped run the US Sanitary
Commission
 The commission battled disease and infection
▫ Clara Barton and 3,000+ women served as Union Nurses
 Barton would found the American Red Cross after the war
 Catholic nuns served as nurses for soldiers on both sides
▫ Sally Tompkins
 Confederate women who founded small hospitals and clinics
 She was commissioned as the only female officer in the Confederacy
so that her hospital could qualify as a military hospital
• Opposition to the War
▫ Southern Opposition
 The 1862 Conscription (draft) along with harsh living conditions
in soldier camps intensified Southern discontent
 The exemptions for plantation owners in the draft caused tensions
between the poor and wealthy
▫ “Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”
 Some Southerners saw the draft as an attack on State’s Rights the
supposed reason for the war
 Underpayment for food by soldiers caused crop and livestock
shortages
▫ Food riots in Richmond due to a fear of starvation
▫ Northern Opposition
 New York draft riot (1863)
 New Yorkers riot due to Union draft and the belief that the gov’t is
forcing whites to fight for emancipation
▫ 100 people killed and Union troops sent in to restore order
Section 3.2: North & South Face Off
• Opposition to the War
▫ Northern opposition continued
 Copperheads
 Northern Democrats that that sympathized with the South and
wanted peace even if the Union dissolved
▫ Copperheads using newspapers and speeches to disrupt the war effort
forced President Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus (protection against
unlawful imprisonment)
▫ Thousands of Copperheads were arrested for treasonous actions
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• The War in the West
▫ As the North faced defeat in the East, Union forces
under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant were achieving success
▫ Feb. 1862: Grant captures Fort Henry and Donelson in
Tennessee ensuring Union control of Kentucky and most
of Tennessee
▫ Shiloh (Battle of Shiloh)
 April 6, 1862: Grant and his forces heading towards
Mississippi are surprised attacked by Confederate forces
resulting in Grant being sent back to the Tennessee River
 April 7: Grant with reinforcements counterattack and force the
Confederates to retreat
▫ 13,000 Union casualties and 10,000 Confederate casualties
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• The War in the West Continued
▫ New Orleans
 The Union needed to capture New Orleans as it would
solidify control of the Mississippi River
 April 1862, Union ships unsuccessfully bombard forts
protecting New Orleans and decide to move past the forts
towards the city
 April 24: Seventeen Union ships advance on the city forcing a
fierce battle
▫ In the end, only 4 Union ships make it to the city
▫ April 29: New Orleans surrenders
 The campaigns in the West lead to the South losing control
of 50,000 square miles of territory, 1,000 miles of
navigable rivers, two state capitals, and its most important
trade city
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• Eastern Campaigns
▫ The Peninsula Campaign
 Union General George McClellan was a great
organizer of armies and trainer of troops, but was very
cautious in battle to Lincoln’s displeasure
 McClellan's new campaign called for 100,000 Union
troops to be transported to the peninsula near the
York and James rivers and then move on Richmond
 McClellan as always hesitated
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• Eastern Campaigns continued
▫ Yorktown and Seven Pines
 April 1862: Union forces meet the Confederates at
Yorktown
 McClellan refuses Lincoln’s orders to fight because he
believed there were too many enemy troops
 In reality there were only 13,000 Confederates
 McClellan decides to siege Yorktown
 May 31, 1862: Union forces catch the retreating
Confederates under Johnson in what became the Battle
of Seven Pines
 The Union wins the battle and General Johnson is
seriously wounded putting Robert E. Lee in command of
the Southern Army
▫ Lee halts the fighting
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• Eastern Campaigns continued
▫ Seven Days’ Campaign
 McClellan did not press his advantage and decides to wait after
Seven Pines
 Lee sends a cavalry unit under James E. B. “Jeb” Stuart to scout the
Union Army
 Using that information, Lee attacks with his and General
Jackson’s forces at what became the Seven Days Battles, which
lasted from June 25 to July 1
▫ Union causalities – 16,000
▫ Confederate casualties – 20,000
▫ South wins the battles as McClellan retreats
 Lincoln removes McClellan of command and puts Gen. John Pope
in command
 After Pope loses the 2nd Battle of Bull Run, Lincoln restores
McClellan to command of the Union Army
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• A Shift in War Goals
▫ Beginning to move against slavery
 July 1862: Republicans in Congress push throw a law
allowing Black Americans to serve in the army
 Privately Lincoln was contemplating making the end of
slavery a war goal to destroy the Southern economy and
to end the war sooner
▫ Emancipation Proclamation
 As Lincoln did not believe he could eliminate slavery
everywhere constitutionally, he used his powers as
commander in chief to make the executive order that
slavery was now abolished in the rebelling states
effective January 1, 1863
 Lincoln decided to wait to announce his proclamation until
a Union victory came in from McClellan
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• Antietam
▫ Gen. Lee goes on the offensive in September 1862 to show the
British the Confederacy could win on Union soil
 The British were close to recognizing the CSA as an independent
nation
▫ 9/4/1862: Lee enters Maryland with 40,000 troops losing
5,000 on the march
 The Union loses track of Lee
 Luckily, two Union Soldiers find a copy of Lee’s battle wrapped
in an old pack of cigars
▫ With knowledge McClellan plans a counterattack with 75,000 troops
▫ The Battle of Antietam rages for an entire day becoming the
single bloodiest one day battle in American History
 Union casualties – 12,000; Confederate casualties – 13,000
▫ McClellan allows Lee to retreat into Virginia, thus Lincoln fires
him
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• Antietam continued
▫ Although not a stunning victory, Antietam raises
Northern morale
▫ Lee’s defeat costs the South European support
▫ This victory gives Lincoln the political cover to
announce the Emancipation Proclamation
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• African Americans Take up Arms
▫ The laws allowing them to serve and the
Emancipation Proclamation encourages blacks to
enlist
 African Americans in the army faced a danger whites
did not; if captured they would be executed or sold into
slavery by the South
▫ 54th Massachusetts Infantry
 This black regiment earned an honored place in US
military history
 July 1863: the 54th led a desperation charge on Confederate
Fort Wagner
▫ The 54th made it up the Fort’s walls but suffered major
casualties including their commander
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• African Americans Take up Arms continued
▫ Despite courageous performances; Black soldiers
earned half of what white soldiers earned
 After complaints, Congress equalized pay in June 1864
▫ White officers commanded black regiments
 Only 100 African Americans were commissioned junior
officers
 Martin Delany: 1st African American to be made a major
▫ 180,000 black soldiers served for the Union and
more than 32,000 lost their lives
 More than 20 earned the Congressional Medal of Honor
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• New Union Commanders
▫ Lincoln chooses Ambrose Burnside to replace
McClellan
▫ Fredericksburg
 On 12/11/1862 and 12/12/1862 Gen. Burnside sent
114,000 Union troops across a river near
Fredericksburg
 Lee and his 75,000 troops controlled the hills so when
Burnside sent his troops marching on open fields, Lee
decimated the Union troops
▫ Union causalities – 12,000; Confederate causalities – 5,000
Section 3.3: Fighting the War
• New Union Commanders continued
▫ Chancellorsville
 Burnside replaced with Gen. “Fighting” Joe Hooker
 Hooker plans on splitting his army of 134,000 troops into
three parts to cut Lee off
 April 30, 1863: Hooker placed his troops in the
Wilderness (forest area) near Chancellorsville
 When Lee sent Gen. Jackson with 30,000 troops to
outflank Hooker, Hooker believed Lee was retreating and
thus allowed Lee to attack Union forces from two sides
forcing Hooker to retreat
 Lee did not get to enjoy his victory as General Stonewall
Jackson was shot in the dark on his way back to camp by
Confederate troops
▫ Jackson had his arm amputated and died a few days later
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Gettysburg
▫ Lee decides to invade the North to spare Virginia
from more fighting and to resupply his troops after
Chancellorsville
 June 1863: Lee crosses into Pennsylvania and when
Hooker hesitates to attack, Lincoln removes him as
general and makes General George Meade the new
commander
▫ Near the end of June, Lee was assembling 75,000
troops near a small town called Gettysburg
 A confederate raiding party looking for supplies is fired
upon by Union troops on the high grounds northwest of
Gettysburg on July 1st
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Gettysburg continued
▫ Battle of Gettysburg (Day 1)
 Confederates push Union troops back to Cemetery Hill and
Ridge
▫ Day 2
 Lee still feared the Union forces as they had the high grounds
and reinforcements would come
 So Lee decides to act quickly and sends forces to charge the
Union’s left-flank and take a dome-shaped hill, Little Round Top
▫ Day 3
 Lee send troops (15,000) under the command of George
Pickett to rush the Union center on Cemetery Ridge
 Less than half the troops reach the top of the ridge during what
is know as Pickett’s Charge
 Lee knows he has lost and retreats to Virginia
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Gettysburg continued
▫ After three days of fighting,
the Union lost 23,000 men
and the Confederacy lost
28,000 men
▫ November 1863, President
Lincoln dedicated the
battlefield as a cemetery
spoke his greatest speech,
the Gettysburg Address
▫ The battle of Gettysburg is
seen as the turning point of
the war ensuring a Union
victory
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Lincoln Finds His General
▫ Vicksburg
 General Grant had to take the city of Vicksburg to
control the Mississippi River so he besieged the city
for weeks
 During the Siege of Vicksburg residents were forced to
eat mules and rats to prevent starving
 July 4, 1863: Vicksburg surrenders to Grant
 July 8, 1863: Union wins at Port Hudson, Louisiana
ensuring Union control of the river
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Lincoln finds his General continued
▫ Summer of 1864
 Lincoln makes Grant commander of all Union forces
 Grant planned on fighting a war of attrition; continue
fighting until the South ran out of men, supplies, and the
will to fight.
 Battle of the Wilderness (May 1864)
▫ Grant’s 122,000 troops suffered 18,000 causalities
▫ Lee’s 66,000 troops suffered 10,000 causalities
 Battle of Spotsylvania (May 1864)
▫ More massive casualties but Grant marched on
 Battle of Petersburg (June 1864)
▫ Grant laid siege
▫ Since mid-May Grant had suffered 60,000 causalities
▫ Lee was losing troops as well and could not reinforce his army
like Grant
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Sherman’s March to the
Sea
▫ Union General William
Tecumseh Sherman
 Determined as Grant
 Moody, ambitious, and
brilliant
 Made commander of the
Tennessee Army after
Vicksburg
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Sherman’s March to the Sea continued
▫ Sherman undertakes a campaign to destroy
Southern railroads and industries
 Sherman takes 100,000 troops and heads towards
Atlanta
 Sherman and his troops outmaneuvered the
Confederate forces under General Johnston and
Hood and then pushed Hood’s men away from
Atlanta
 Sherman captures Atlanta on 9/2/1864
▫ Sherman sets much of Atlanta on fire and then leaves
the city
▫ The capture of Atlanta ensured Lincoln reelection in
1864 against his old general McClellan
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Sherman’s March to the Sea continued
▫ After Atlanta, Sherman heads for Savannah
burning farmhouses, destroying railroads,
and uprooting crops along the way
 Sherman followed the concept of total war
(attack Southern resources and make the
civilians so miserable they will never wish to
rebel again)
▫ December 1864
 Sherman captures Savannah and offers it as a
Christmas present for Lincoln
Section 3.4: The Final Phase
• Surrender at Appomattox
▫ April 2, 1864
 Lee abandons Richmond and the Confederate capital is taken by the
North
 Lee ties to escape westward to gain new troops but Grant outflanks him
 Lee’s forces now under 30,000 and poorly supplied forces Lee to ask
Grant for terms of surrender
▫ April 9, 1864
 Grant and Lee meet at Appomattox Courthouse
 Terms of surrender
 Officers allowed to keep side arms
 Confederates were fed
 NO soldiers would be tried for treason
▫ April 26, 1865
 General Johnston surrenders to Sherman under similar terms
Section 4.1:Presidential Reconstruction
• The Old South Destroyed
▫ Major Southern cities in ruin
▫ Southern economy shattered
▫ Slavery ended
 Many former slaves looked forward to reuniting with loved
ones, working for wages, and possibly gaining land of their
own
• President Lincoln and Reconstruction
▫ Beginnings of Reconstruction
 Lincoln offered amnesty (a full pardon) to all Confederates
expect high ranking government and military members
who swore alliance to the Union
 A state could rejoin the Union when 10% of its citizens had
swore allegiance (10% Plan)
▫ Congress objected to Lincoln's plan as too lenient
Section 4.1:Presidential Reconstruction
• President Lincoln and Reconstruction continued
▫ To counter Lincoln’s plan, Congress passed the WadeDavis bill that called for Southern states to abolish
slavery and wait to be admitted into the Union until a
majority had sworn allegiance
 Lincoln vetoes the bill
▫ Lincoln’s Assassination
 April 14, 1865: John Wilkes Booth (famous American actor
and Southern sympathizer) shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theater
 The President died early the next morning
 Thousands went to see his body in the Capital rotunda and
hundreds of thousands met his body at trains stations on its
way to Illinois
 Northerners believed Booth was part of a Southern conspiracy
Section 4.1: Presidential Reconstruction
• President Johnson and Reconstruction
▫ Vice-President Johnson takes over after Lincoln’s death
 Johnson was a Democrat, one-time slaveholder, massive
racist, and chose the Union when his state Tennessee
joined the CSA
 He was picked to run with Lincoln to pick up Democrat votes
 May 1865: Johnson issued a complete pardon to all
Southerners expect to CSA officeholders and rich planters
 All he required for a state to enter the union was that they
abolish slavery, revoke acts of secession, and refuse to pay CSA
government debts
 Johnson’s leniency was beloved by Southerners and many who
served in the CSA government and military took power in new
state governments
▫ Johnson overlooked these new states not giving freed slaves the
right to vote or ratifying the 13th Amendment that outlawed and
ended slavery
Section 4.1:Presidential Reconstruction
• The Black Codes
▫ Laws put into place in the newly admitted Southern
states to limit the rights of former slaves
 Examples: Blacks could not hold meetings unless whites
were there, travel w/out permits, own guns, attend school
with whites, or serve on juries
 Some states required blacks to sign long-term labor contracts
to partially reestablished slavery like conditions
 Other laws allowed the state to hire out black children if the
state determined they were not adequately taken care of by
their parents
▫ Northerners criticized these laws for what they were an
attempt to restore slavery
Section 4.2: Congressional Reconstruction
• The Moderates vs. the Radicals
▫ A division occurred between Republicans who wanted to
give limited rights to blacks (moderates) and
Republicans who wanted to give them full rights and the
vote (radicals)
▫ Supporters of Black Suffrage (right to vote)
 Thaddeus Stevens
 Radical Republican who insisted blacks get the vote and
Reconstruction should create a more equal South
 Frederick Douglas
 Born a slave in Maryland, Douglas escape wrote his own
autobiography, and became the predominant black abolitionist
 Strong proponent of black suffrage
Section 4.2: Congressional Reconstruction
• Moderates vs. Radicals continued
▫ Land Reform
 Some Radicals wanted large Southern plantations broken up and the
land given to former slaves
 Most attempts at land reform failed
• Congress vs. Johnson
▫ Deteriorating conditions in the South for blacks and Southern
unionists led to the moderates and radicals coming together
▫ The Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865)
 Created by Congress to aide Southerners left homeless and hungry by
the war
 The bureau also provided education to newly freed slaves, help reunite
slave families, and settled labor contract issues
 Johnson vetoed the renewal of the bureau angering the Congress
Section 4.2: Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress vs. Johnson continued
▫ Civil Rights Act of 1866
 Passed by Congress due to Johnson's veto of the
Freedmen’s Bureau
 Said all people born in the US are citizens w/ full civil rights
 Johnson vetoes the bill, but his veto is overridden
▫ The Congress then passes a new extension of the Freedmen’s
Bureau and overrides another Johnson veto
▫ 14th Amendment (1868)
 Passed by Congress to make sure the ideas in the Civil
Rights Act of 1866 would remain if it was repealed by
Democrats later
 Required states to offer citizenship to all people born in the
United States or naturalized as citizens and it promised all
citizens equal protection under the law
Section 4.2: Congressional Reconstruction
• Radicals come to Power
▫ Race Riots
 Race riots were becoming common in the South
 July 1866
 The Louisiana legislature called for new elections that put a
Confederate in as mayor of New Orleans
▫ In response, the governor who supported the Radicals pushed to give
blacks the vote and bar confederates from voting
▫ A riot erupts & white mobs kill 300 blacks and 3 white republicans
▫ Elections of 1866 & Reconstruction Acts
 In response to Southern chaos voters overwhelming give the radicals
control of Congress
 Reconstruction Acts: divided the Old Confederacy into military districts
and put Union troops in to enforce order
 To be reentered as states, the Southern states had to ratify the 14th
Amendment as write new constitutions ensuring black voting rights
Section 4.2: Congressional Reconstruction
• Presidential Impeachment
▫ Congress passes Tenure of Office Act, which required a
president to receive Congressional approval before he
replaced an appointed officeholder
 Johnson believed the law unconstitutional and replaced the
Secretary of War w/out approval
 Congress voted to impeach the president
▫ Johnson’s trial before the Senate began in March 1868
 The trial lasted 8 weeks, but by one vote Johnson avoided
removal from office
 The public saw the trial as pure politics and the radical lost
some support
Section 4.2: Congressional Reconstruction
• Further Political Difficulties
▫ The election of 1868
 Former Gen. Grant chosen as the Republican nominee for
president
 Blacks with new voting rights in the South overwhelming
supported Grant giving Grant the election in a close race
▫ 15th Amendment (1870)
 Gave all men the right to vote regardless of race, color, or
previous conditions of servitude
 Women were not included angering the Women’s Suffrage
Movement
Section 4.3: Reconstruction in the South
• African American Activism
▫ With Congressional Reconstruction in place many blacks began
registering to vote, lobbying for full equality, and running for office
▫ Union League
 Spread Republicans ideas to freed slaves and poor whites
 Built schools and churches
▫ More than 600 black elected to state legislatures
 16 were elected to the US House of Reps
 Hiram Revels became the first black senator from Miss. taking the seat
Jefferson Davis once held
• Reconstruction governments
▫ Carpetbaggers
 White and black northerners that moved to the South
▫ Scalawags
 White southerners who supported reconstruction
▫ These groups joined forces to run new state governments and
expand voting rights to poor whites and former slaves
Section 4.3: Reconstruction in the South
• The Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
▫ Angry white Southerners seeing the Old South fading away form a
terrorist group to prevent black voting
 One such group the KKK formed in 1866 by 6 former confederates
▫ Klan Attacks
 “Grand Wizard” Nathan Bedford Forest (leader of the Klan) ordered
the Klan to destroy the Republican Party in the South and kill radicals
and kill blacks that voted Republican
 Klansmen burned schools, homes, and churches to intimidate blacks
and regain white power
• Steps against the Klan
▫ Some blacks formed mobs to combat the Klan
▫ Enforcement Acts (1870 and 1871)
 Passed by Congress; these laws empowered the federal government to
use military force to fight the Klan and prosecute guilty individuals
Section 4.3: Reconstruction in the South
• Changes in Reconstruction
▫ With time, Republican interest in Reconstruction faded
▫ Shifting Republican interests
 Panic of 1873
 A severe economic depression that dissolved the Republican
coalition of businessmen, anti-labor, and freedmen
 Republicans not supporting voting rights for new
immigrants harmed their cause for more black voting rights
Section 4.3: Reconstruction in the South
• Changes in Reconstruction continued
▫ The Southern Redeemers
 The panic caused voters to give Democrats a majority in the
House of Reps
 When the new Congress convened the Republicans enacted
the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which prohibited business that
dealt with the public to discriminate based on race
 Southern whites used terrorism to win control or “redeem”
Southern states from Black/Yankee rule
 Whites that helped “redeem” states called themselves
redeemers
 Republicans began to see Reconstruction as a political
burden
Section 4.3: Reconstruction in the South
• The election of 1876
▫ Democrat Samuel Tilden vs. Republican Rutherford
Hayes
 Opponents of Reconstruction promised to win even if they had to
be knee-high in blood
▫ Tilden wins the popular vote, but the electoral vote was
till up in the air as parties were challenging results in
three states
 A commission gave Hayes the win by one electoral vote
 To defuse a crisis the Republicans and Democrats struck a
bargain (Compromise of 1877)
 Hayes got the Whitehouse, but Union forces were to be
removed from the South
▫ W/out Federal troops, ex-Confederates retook power in the South
overturning reforms & taking away all the rights blacks had been
given
Section 4.4: The New South
• Changing Economies in the South
▫ Sharecropping
 Under this system a farmer worked a parcel of land in
return for a share of the crop, a cabin, seed, tools, & a mule
 By the 1870s most African Americans and many poor whites
were sharecroppers
 The downside to sharecropping is those on the land had no
income until harvest so these farmers had to crop-lien
(promise part of their crop in the future to buy supplies and
tools)
▫ If a crop failed or was weak, sharecroppers could be buried in debt,
many were
▫ Industrial growth
 The New South built textile factories, upgraded and fixed
railroads, built ironworks in an attempt to industrialize
 Blacks had less opportunities to excel in Southern industry
Section 4.4: The New South
• The Rise of Jim Crow
▫ To deprive blacks the right to vote, Southern
governments instituted poll taxes (pay to vote) and
literacy tests (prove you can read before you vote)
 Of course former slaves were very poor and most were
illiterate as teaching a slave to read was against the law
 Poll taxes and literacy test were waved for poor whites
▫ Segregation
 States made laws to enforce the separation of the races
 Jim Crow Laws
▫ Legally separated blacks from whites in public transportation,
schools, parks, and other public places
▫ Plessy v. Ferguson (1883)
 Supreme Court declared separate but equal facilities did
not go against the 14th amendment
Section 4.4: The New South
• African American Life
▫ Growing black middle class arose
▫ African Americans formed aide societies, started business,
supported churches, and built schools
▫ Farmers and Planters
 Some African Americans formed cooperatives to buy farmland
 These cooperatives provided jobs and some even charged taxes on
members to provide education for children in them
▫ Industry and business
 Some African Americans formed businesses like the Dry Dock
Company that hired many black workers and earn government
contracts for its stellar work
 Madame C.J. Walker became one of the first women to become a
millionaire for starting a hair product company for black women
Section 4.4: The New South
• Responses to Jim Crow
▫ Booker T Washington
 Believed blacks should focus on achieving
economic independence, then social and
political equality would come
 He told African Americans to seek
training in practical trades and
professions
 He told African American to not protest
discrimination as it increased white
hostility
 He secretly funded groups that fought
Jim Crow Laws and Segregation
Section 4.4: The New South
• Responses to Jim Crow
continued
▫ Ida B Wells
 Disagreed with Washington’s
approach and insisted African
Americans protest against
discrimination and segregation
 Her main focus was on
attempting to stop the lynching
of African Americans
 She urged Americans to leave
the South and kept the public
attention on the lynching issue