Transcript American History

Bellwork
• What advantages did both the Union and the
Confederacy have in the war?
American History
Section 10, Unit 2
Civil War
Objectives
• Compare how the North and South fared in the eastern
campaigns
• Explain how the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg affected northern morale
• Analyze how the North achieved its goal of controlling the
Mississippi River
• Analyze how and why the Union’s war aims changed
• Explain why the Emancipation Proclamation applies only to
slaves living in areas of rebellion against the U.S.
• Describe the strategies Grant and Sherman employed to
win the war.
• Identify some consequences of the war
Review Video
• We are going to watch Civil War Part 1 from
John Green and while you are watching it,
consider this question:
For what reason does John Green argue that
Northern (Union) victory was inevitable?
The Peninsula Campaign
• Between 1862 and 1863, the Confederacy
won many battles in the East and Lincoln had
no luck finding a general that could best
Joseph E. Johnston, Robert E. Lee, and
Stonewall Jackson.
The Peninsula Campaign
• Although the South won much of the early
battles, it was not because the North was
poorly trained.
• Union general George B. McClellan trained his
men well, but he was overly cautious and
hesitated to send his men into battle, much to
the chagrin of the President.
The Peninsula Campaign
• McClellan did finally
attack in 1862, launching
an attack to take
Richmond, Virginia.
• Rather than take the city
directly, he transported
100,000 men, 300
canons, and 25,000
animals by water to the
peninsula between the
York and James Rivers.
The Southeastern Peninsula
of Virginia
The Peninsula Campaign
• McClellan planned to
take Richmond from the
south-east.
• The plan could have
worked– if McClellan
had not hesitated.
McClellan discussing war
strategy with President Lincoln.
The Peninsula Campaign
• Union and Confederate forces met in
Yorktown, Virginia, in the first week of April,
1862.
• Lincoln urged McClellan to attack, but the
general refused, believing there were too
many Confederate soldiers.
– He was incorrect, as there was only a 13,000
Confederates to his 100,000 soldiers.
The Peninsula Campaign
• McClellan wired Lincoln that he could only
take Yorktown by siege.
• As he waited, Confederate general Johnston
gathered more troops.
• When McClellan attacked, General Johnston
and General John B. Magruder held on at
Yorktown until the beginning of May.
The Peninsula Campaign
• Just as McClellan was about to overrun the
Confederate defenses, Johnston began a
month-long retreat towards Richmond.
• McClellan followed and on May 31, the two
sides clashed at the Battle of Seven Pines.
• The battle went poorly for the south and
Johnston was seriously wounded. In his place,
Robert E. Lee rose to take command and
broke off fighting.
The Peninsula Campaign
• While the Confederates
were weakened,
McClellan waited again.
Lee did not.
• Lee ordered a young
soldier, James Stuart to
gather information on
enemy positions.
• With Stuarts information,
the combined forces of
Lee and Jackson attacked
the union army.
General McClellan
The Peninsula Campaign
• In what became known as the Seven Days
Campaign (June 25-July 1), the Union lost
nearly 16,000 soldiers.
• While the Confederates lost more soldiers–
20,000– the battle is considered a southern
victory because McClellan retreated.
The Peninsula Campaign
• President Lincoln was furious
and frustrated and ordered
McClellan back to
Washington and put General
John Pope in command.
• His command would be short
lived, as he and his men were
defeated by Lee at the
Second Battle of Bull Run
near Richmond.
• McClellan would once again
command the eastern forces.
Antietam
• Robert E. Lee took the offensive in September
of 1862.
• Confederate diplomats believed the British
might support them if they win a major
victory on Union soil.
• With this, Lee began crossing the Potomac
into Maryland with 55,000 men.
Antietam
• Union forces would lose
track of the
Confederate forces,
until two Union soldiers
discovered Lee’s plans.
• Armed with this,
McClellan and 75,000
troops met Lee at
Antietam Creek.
Antietam
• In the Battle of Antietam, the Confederates
suffered 13,000 casualties, while the Union
more than 12,000.
• Although Antietam was not a clear-cut victory,
Lee’s withdrawal was a major blow.
• Lee’s defeat cost the South any European
support that could’ve occurred.
Antietam
• While the Union “won”
Antietam, McClellan
permanently lost his
command as Lincoln
frustrated that McClellan let
the Confederate soldiers
escape to Virginia.
• General Ambrose E.
Burnside, who replaced
him, did not want the job.
He questioned himself and
his men’s loyalty.
• Regardless, he moved
boldly--- possibly too boldly.
Fun fact: the word “sideburns” comes from his name.
Fredericksburg
• In December 11 and 12, 1862, Burnside sent
some 114,000 men across the Rappahannock
River near Fredericksburg, Virginia.
• General Lee and some 75,000 soldiers
controlled the hills near the town.
• Believing Lee would not expect a frontal
attack, Burnside ordered his men across the
open plains and toward the hills.
Question: Why might this be a poor plan?
Fredericksburg
• Lee took advantage of Burnside’s positioning,
and used their high ground to pick off union
soldiers.
• The Union suffered more than 12,000
casualties in the Battle of Fredericksburg,
while the Confederates only lost around
5,000.
A confederate description of the battle, “A chicken could not live
on that field when he open [fire] on it.”
Frustrations
• Frustrated, Lincoln
transfered Burnside and
gave command of the
eastern forces to General
Joseph Hooker.
• Hooker was an
opinionated man who
openly questioned the
President, but he was an
effective general
nonetheless.
Chancellorsville
• Hooker offered a bold plan to crush Lee’s
forces.
• He proposed to divide his army into three
parts, cut off supply lines, and flank the
Confederates.
• The plan seemed workable.
Chancellorsville
• By April 30, 1863,
Hooker’s men took
position near
Chancellorsville, VA.
• However, once again
Lee stole the initiative
of the Union army.
• Lee divided his own
troops and sent
Stonewall Jackson to
flank Hooker.
Chancellorsville
• When Hooker saw the troop movements, he
assumed the Confederates were retreating.
• Instead, Lee and Jackson attacked Hooker
from both sides.
• After several days, Hooker withdrew in defeat
and the morale of the North plummeted.
Chancellorsville
• However, the South
paid heavily for this
battle.
• Stonewall Jackson was
accidentally shot by his
own men, who thought
he was a Union soldier.
• While he survived the
shot itself, he ultimately
died from pneumonia
from later surgery.
Gettysburg
• Following his victory at Chancellorsville, Lee
decided to invade the North again.
• This would spare Virginia from more war and
would allow Lee to resupply and feed his
troops--- by taking it from northerners.
Gettysburg
• In 1863, Lee crossed into
Pennsylvania with around
75,000 troops.
• Lincoln urged Hooker to
attack, but Hooker no
longer felt the need to
serve the Union.
• He asked to be relieved of
his command and was
replaced by General
George Meade.
Gettysburg
• By the end of June, Confederates had massed
near the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• When scouts reported that there were a
supply a shoes in Gettysburg, Confederates
organized a raiding party.
• However, they did not know that were two
Union brigades there.
Gettysburg
• As the Confederates ran to the town, they
were met with Union fire on July 1.
• On the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg,
the Confederates pushed the Union line back
to Cemetery Ridge. The Confederates held a
lower line a hills below the Union called
Seminary Ridge.
Gettysburg
• Lee, however, knew that the fighting was not
over as long as the North held higher ground.
• On July 2, Lee attacked the Union left, trying
without success to capture the hill.
• On the next day, he ordered 15,000 men
under the command of George Pickett to rush
the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Only
about half his soldiers made it back.
Gettysburg
• The loss of life at Gettysburg was staggering.
• After three days of fighting, Union casualties
numbered 23,000 while the Confederacy lost
20,000.
• Although the Union was victorious, it once
again failed to end the war when it had the
chance.
• Despite that, the battle did prove that the
Union could defeat the Confederacy.
Gettysburg Address
• In November 1863,
Lincoln helped dedicate
a cemetery at the
Gettysburg battlefield.
• Lincoln spoke for only a
few minutes, but his
address remains a
classic statement of his
ideals.
Remember, casualties is not
just how many people died.
Required Reading: Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new
nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are
created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great
battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a
final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.
It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not
hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did
here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work
which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us
to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the
last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall
not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.
Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863
Question: What is Lincoln talking about?
War in the West
• While the victory for the Union was hard in the
East, the western campaign was going far better
under the lead of General Ulysses S. Grant.
• Under the lead of General Ulysses S. Grant, the
Union army entered Tennessee and captured two
important forts. From there, Grant moved south
to the Tennessee River and stopped at Shiloh
Church near the Mississippi state line.
War in the West
• Grant knew that Confederate Generals Albert
Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard were
nearby.
• He did not, however, expect an attack.
• In April 6, 1862 (before Gettysburg), Grant’s
soldiers were caught by surprise when the
Confederacy attacked.
War in the West
• The Confederacy forced
Grant back and were
confident of victory.
• However, the day after
the initial attack, Grant
fired back.
• At the Battle of Shiloh,
Grant’s force subdued
the Confederates and
forced Beauregard to
retreat.
General Grant
War in the West
• The Union won and succeeded at killing
General Johnston.
• With this, the Union continued to gain control
of the Mississippi River.
• David Farragut, commander of a Union naval
squadron, moved against New Orleans.
War in the West
• In 1862, Union ships
entered the mouth of the
Mississippi.
• Farragut and his forces
took New Orleans by the
end of April after facing
off against two forts.
• However, Grant knew that
gaining full control of the
river meant taking
Vicksburg, Mississippi,
where Confederates were
holding the river.
War in the West
• In May 1863, Grant hatched a risky plan to
take the city.
• His army marched deep into enemy territory
and bottled the enemy force in Jackson,
Mississippi and then followed them to
Vicksburg, where he attacked.
War in the West
• For six weeks, Grant’s army laid siege to the
town while the Confederate army ran out of
supplies.
• Finally, in late June the Confederate soldiers
pleaded with their commander to surrender.
“If you can’t feed us, you had better surrender,
horrible as the idea is, than suffer this noble
army to disgrace themselves by desertion.” –
the letter to the Confederate Commander
War in the West
• On July 3, 1863 (the same day Gettysburg
ended), General Grant and Confederate
General John Pemberton met to discuss the
terms of surrender.
• A few days later, Confederate forces in Port
Hudson, Louisiana, fell.
Question: What does this mean for control of the
Mississippi River by the Union? How do you think this
will affect the war?
War in the West
• With these victories, the
Union now controlled the
Mississippi River and cut
off Arkansas, Louisiana,
and Texas from the rest of
the Confederacy.
• As well, the loss of the
Mississippi made
transporting goods far
more difficult for the
Confederacy.
The War Continues
• As the war pushed on, the goals of the Union
began to change as the North no longer saw
the Civil War as a way of just uniting the
nation.
• Many began to see the war as a way to end
slavery.
Shifting Beliefs
• As the war continued,
many northerners
began to question
whether or not the
saving the Union
without ending slavery
was worth it.
• Since the war was
caused by slavery, many
began to believe that
the war can only end
when slavery ends.
Shifting Beliefs
• After fierce debate, Republicans pushed two
acts through Congress in 1862:
1. One authorized African Americans to serve in
the military
2. The other freed slaves held by Confederate
soldiers or those who aided the Confederacy.
Shifting Beliefs
• Some did criticize the President for not doing
enough to end slavery.
• Lincoln, however, responded with:
“My paramount object in the struggle is to save the
Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery.”
Question: Based on this quote, what do you feel is
important to Lincoln at this time?
Shifting Beliefs
• Privately, however,
Lincoln was aware that
slavery was too important
to the southern war
effort, as the Confederacy
depended on slaves for
their survival.
• Lincoln hoped that if
slaves heard the North is
fighting to free them,
they would run away and
weaken the South’s
economy.
Shifting Beliefs
• Lincoln lacked the authority to simply abolish
slavery.
• However, Lincoln had the authority to institute
military measures.
• With this, in July 1862, Lincoln informed his
cabinet that he was going to free all slaves in
areas that are rebelling against them– i.e. not
Union controlled states.
Keep in mind, a few border states still had slaves, but had not
seceded from the Union.
Emancipation Proclamation
• In this, Lincoln created
the Emancipation
Proclamation, which was
at first kept secret until
the Union won a major
victory.
• Their victory came in
Antietam in 1862 and
only a few days later, a
preliminary draft of the
proclamation would go
into effect.
Emancipation Proclamation
• While slavery wouldn’t be abolished for
another three years, the institution of slavery
was doomed.
• Slaves who had heard that Union troops were
nearby were inspired to leave their masters to
join the army.
African American Soldiers
• The Emancipation Proclamation and the act in 1862
encouraged African Americans to enlist. By August
1862, the first official black regiments were
organized.
• Some, such as Frederick Douglass, saw military
service as an important step towards citizenship for
African Americans.
African American Soldiers
• Although the Union army accepted black
soldiers, it did not offer them full equality.
• For much of the war, black soldiers received
less pay and white officers commanded every
black regiment.
• Despite that, African American soldiers
impressed many and, by the end of the war,
20 African Americans would go on to win the
Congressional Medal of Honor.
African American Soldiers
• By the wars end, more
than 166 all-black
regiments fought in 449
engagements in the
war.
• As a whole, around
32,000 black people
gave their lives for the
Union.
New Leadership
• The Emancipation Proclamation was one key
to Union success.
• The other was General Ulysses S. Grant.
• Grant understood that the Union had
advantages in terms of soldiers and supplies
and used these to his advantage, such as
forcing the Confederacy to fight until they run
out of supplies.
New Leadership
• Grant suggested to
Lincoln that he fight a war
of attrition– to continue
fighting until the South
ran out of men, supplies,
and will.
• With this in mind, Grant–
who was now the
commander of all the
Union forces by 1864–
moved 122,000 troops
towards Chancellorsville,
Virginia.
Ulysses S. Grant
New Leadership
• For two days, Grant continued an onslaught
on the Confederate rebels, but they held their
ground.
• Grant lost 18,000 men to the Confederacies
13,000 losses.
Question: Would it be in Grant’s best interest to retreat
and resupply?
New Leadership
• Rather than rest, Grant continued on.
• He swung his forces 10 miles to the South,
forcing Lee to keep his weary men on the
field.
• Union losses were heavy, and one Confederate
soldier remarked, “We have met a man this
time, who either does not know when he is
whipped, or who cares not if he loses his
whole army.”
New Leadership
• Grant continued South to attack Petersburg,
Virginia, in mid-June.
• Petersburg was a railroad hub and by
capturing it, Grant hoped to cut off
Richmond’s supplies.
• However, Lee held on and after days, Grant
called off the direct assault after losing 60,000
men.
New Leadership
• However, Grant had
achieved at least one
part of his goal.
• Lee’s army was
dwindling, with no
reserves available.
Soldiers in Petersburg
Sherman’s March
• As Grant was working
his way towards
Richmond, general
William Sherman– who
had been made the
commander of the
Tennessee army by
Grant– moved some
100,000 troops out of
Tennessee and towards
Atlanta, Georgia.
William Sherman
Sherman’s March
• Sherman had quickly taken Atlanta as the
Confederates fell back.
• By taking this city, Sherman had cut the only
Confederate railroad link across the
Appalachians.
• To secure his control, he evacuated and then
burned a significant portion of the city.
Sherman’s March
• The fall of Atlanta gave a
significant boost to
Lincoln’s reelection
campaign.
• Republicans were upset
that the war took so long,
but Sherman’s victory
gave many hope the war
would soon end.
• In 1864, Lincoln defeated
Democrat George
McClellan.
Because the war was not going so
well, Lincoln actually had a tough
time winning this election. However,
the victory at Atlanta showed many
Northern voters that the Union could
still land heavy blows against the
Confederacy.
Sherman’s March
• After the burning of Atlanta, Sherman moved
towards Savannah, Georgia and sieged the
city’s supplies and destroyed anything that
might be useful to the Confederates.
• Sherman believed that the only way to defeat
the South was to destroy their economic
resources.
– His actions would leave a deep scar across all the
South.
Sherman’s March
• By late 1864, Sherman
resupplied at Savannah
and, by early 1865, he
and his men turned
north to link up with
Grant and fight the final
battle.
An image of Sherman’s march,
showing his destruction of
Southern resources.
Appomattox
• As Sherman’s army moved north through the
Carolinas, Grant’s troops hammered at the
doors of Richmond.
• While Grant moved forward, General Lee
withdrew from Richmond and Union troops
took the Confederate capital.
Appomattox
• Lee had hoped that he could secure more
troops by traveling westward, but was blocked
off by Grant.
• With his once-army reduced to 30,000 men–
many who no longer had shoes– Lee asked for
terms of surrender.
Appomattox
• Grant and Lee met in a
house in the tiny village
of Appomattox Court
House on April 9, 1865.
• The terms of surrender
were simple:
1. Confederates could
keep their sidearms and
horses.
2. Confederate officers
would be fed and
allowed to go home.
Before they even began to discuss
the surrender, Lee and Grant
actually discussed their Mexican
War days. It took some time before
they returned to the business at
hand.
Appomattox
Question: Why do you think the terms of surrender were so lenient?
• While the terms of surrender were simple, they
actually had a larger reaching effect.
• Once Richmond fell, and once many Confederates
heard that Lee surrendered, most soldiers
stopped fighting.
• The terms of surrender were designed so that the
Confederate soldiers would not want to rebel
anymore.
“Let all the men who claim to own a horse or mule take the
animals home with them to work on their little farms.”– Grant
“This will do much toward [uniting] our people.” --- Lee
Consequences
• While the war was over, the consequences of the
war were immense.
• No other war on American soil ended with as many
casualties as the Civil War, with 360,000 Union
soldiers and 258,000 Confederate soldiers dying.
Military Deaths in American Wars
Consequences
• Loss of life was not the only consequence.
Question: How do you think this war affected the South’s economy?
• The war devastated the South’s economy.
Many African Americans– who were suddenly
free– had an uncertain future without work.
• As well, tens of thousands of whites were
homeless and jobless.
Consequences
• However, the North
experienced many
positive economic
outcomes of the war.
• Agriculture and industry
had expanded during
the war to meet the
needs of the military.
Consequences
• As well, northern
enterprises of steel,
petroleum, food
processing,
manufacturing, and
finance continued to
expand after the war.
Consequences
• However, one of the most important
consequences of the war was that it finally
resolved the issue of slavery.
• Never again would the U.S. government
sanction the use of slaved peoples.
• But aside from the removal of slavery, the war
also made the Republican party the dominant
political force of the time.
Reconstruction
• While the war ended,
the U.S. was still on a
long path towards being
united yet again.
• This path would require
the North and South to
mutually work together
again.
Closure
• After watching the following video, consider
this question in your notebook:
How do you think the Civil War affected us as a
nation? What changed? How does it affect us
today?
Review Objectives
• Compare how the North and South fared in the eastern
campaigns
• Explain how the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg affected northern morale
• Analyze how the North achieved its goal of controlling the
Mississippi River
• Analyze how and why the Union’s war aims changed
• Explain why the Emancipation Proclamation applies only to
slaves living in areas of rebellion against the U.S.
• Describe the strategies Grant and Sherman employed to
win the war.
• Identify some consequences of the war
Questions
• If you have any questions, please ask now.
Next lesson
• In the next lesson, we will begin discussing the
Reconstruction Era of the South.
Review
• As a class, we are going to create a “Cause and
Effect” map for the Civil War. The class will be
given a cause or effect of the Civil War.
• As teams, you’re going to research about either
your assigned cause or effect and write out– in no
less than 3 paragraphs– information about how
your topic caused the Civil War or changed
following the Civil War. Your team is then going to
take what you written and put it into a digital
document with at least 1 picture to accompany it.
• Every person who is part of the team must
participate.
Review topics:
• Causes:
– Slavery & States’ Rights
– John Browns Raid
– The Election of Abraham
Lincoln
– Missouri Compromise
and Dred Scott
– The Fall of Fort Sumter
• Effects
– Abolishment of Slavery
– Change in U.S. economy
– Revitalization of
Women’s Rights
– Change in the National
Government
– Change in the State
government