Transcript The 1905 Revolution

What was the cause of the
1905 Revolution?
Battleship Potemkin
How is the Tsarist regime shown?
US Doc Nicholas II to Bloody
Sunday
1
Key Timeline:
1881 to 95
Alexander III = reaction, crushing opposition
1893to 1903 Finance minister Witte, Tsar Nicholas II, ‘Great spurt =
industrialisation
1904 War with Japan = strains Russia
1905 Bloody Sunday, Revolution
1905 October Manifesto = Duma, some elections
1906 to 14
increasing reaction, crushing opposition
1914 World War I = strains Russia
1917 February Revolution = Provisional Government takes over
1917 October Revolution = Bolsheviks take over
1918 first Russian elections
1918to 21
Civil War = Bolsheviks (Communists) consolidate control
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Key Essay topics
How successfully did the Tsars control Russia
before 1905?
What were the causes of the 1905 Revolution?
What were the results of the 1905 Revolution
OR
How successfully did the Tsars control
Russia after 1905?
What were the causes of the February 1917
Revolution?
What were the causes of the October 1917
Revolution?
How did the Bolsheviks consolidate control over
Russia by 1921?
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Causes of the 1905 revolution:
1. Long term problems: geography, Russification, autocracy
2. Industrialisation,
Witte’s policy workers taxed & low
wages, economic slump of 1902
3. Land:
peasantry increasingly desperate
for land in the face of hunger and poverty: poor harvest
of 1900 & 1902
4. Tsars:
Reaction of Alexander III-Police
State, censorship, alienated intelligentsia, Nicholas II
weak & indecisive .
5. Opposition / liberals / revolutionary groups, many
inspired by Marxism. Political assassinations.
6. Failure of Russo-Japanese War 1904-5
7. Bloody Sundaymassacre of Fr Gapon et al
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What caused the 1905 Revolution…
Aims:
Must : List the main causes of the 1905 Revolution in Russia with facts
Should: Explain and argue the most important cause
You are going to prepare a paragraph answering the key question
You must have
•a starter sentence.
•3-4 factual examples.
•Explanation sentences.
•Links to other reasons
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Peasant discontent / country problems
Political problems / Liberals
Revolutionaries
Russification / Nationalism
Tsarist regime
Economic problems – Witte - workers
Russo-Japanese War
Bloody Sunday
Eg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYLJ_mlgQjg&feature=related
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What caused the 1905 Revolution…
In groups you are going to prepare a paragraph answering the key question
You must have
•a starter sentence.
•3-4 factual examples.
•Explanation sentences.
•Links to other reasons
•Then present it to the class
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Russification / Nationalism
Economic problems – Witte – workers
Peasant discontent / country problems / land
Tsarist regime
Political problems / Liberals / Revolutionaries
Russo-Japanese War
Bloody Sunday
•Russia Land of the Tsars part 17
Eg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYLJ_mlgQjg&feature=related
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Some numbers:
Coal production 1880 3.2 m tons, 1900 16.1 m
Population 1885 98 m 1913 155m
St Petersburg 1881 928,000 1914 2.2 m
Railways 1881 13,270 m 1913 43,850
Russification= policy of forcing Russian language on all (eg
Poles)
1897 Jewish Bund = organisation to fight for Jews’ rights
Pobedonostev = ‘Grand Inquisitor’ = organised Alex III’s
reaction
Now draw the pressure kettle,
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Show who’s in the kettle (Russia) eg, population
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Show what’s heating up the pressure underneath
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And show what’s keeping the lid on (controlling)
Notes: Did Russo-J war cause Revolution?
Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 31-32 Complete the following Notes:
Russo-Japanese War:
The Russian Government had 3 motives:
• To pursue…
• To obtain…
• To distract…
• Plehve was…
• Witte wanted war because…..
The Path to war:
• Russia looked on Japan..
• They expected…
• The Russian Gov. rejected….
• Japan..
The Course of the conflict:
• Japan had embarked upon..
• Their army & navy…
• Russian Baltic fleet..
• Russia was forced to sign the…
4 reasons for Russia’s defeat were:
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Reason #1 What were long term causes
of revolution?
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Geography... Hard to control Russia
Lack of development
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Reason #2 What were the economic
problems that led to revolution?
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Witte’s industrialisation
Slums
Better communications meaning more discontent
Foreign loans... So...
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Reason #2 Did industrialisation lead to
revolution?
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Minister Zubatov organised UNIONS of workers to keep
them under government control.
But this encouraged them together and complain.
LINK: War made industrial working WORSE
Price inflation made basics expensive.
= Anger and discontent grew among the workers in cities.
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Reason #3 Why did peasants and land
issues lead to revolution?
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Poverty... So...
Redemption payments... So...
Land shortages...
Back wards farming... So
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LINK... Foreign loans for industrialisation?
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Reason #3 Why did peasants and land
issues lead to revolution?
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Poverty... So...
Redemption payments... So... Still paying off debts of 1861
serfdom
Land shortages... Because population growing
Backwards farming... So don’t produce much
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LINK... Foreign loans for industrialisation?
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Reason #4 Was the Tsarist regime to
blame?
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Tsar Nicholas II... Personality
Repression... Okhrana etc
Autocracy... 1 man makes all decisions... So...
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Reason #6 Why did war lead to
revolution?
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Japanese wanted empire in Korea and Manchuria.
Japanese attacked the Russian fleet in Port Arthur in
Feb. 1904.
War went badly wrong for Russia. Supposed to be a
“…short, victorious war.” Wasn’t!
Massive economic problems at home eg railways under
strain= food shortages
Shame of defeat
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Plehve
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Minister of the Interior.
‘Small victorious war to
avert a revolution’ Witte was his main
political opponent
Witte wanted war –
expansionism
Assassinated by the SR
in July 1904
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What was it over: Warm water
port at Port Arthur - Korea.
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Russian and Japanese
troops 1905
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Bombardment during the Siege of Port
Arthur 1904
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Retreat of the Russian Army after
the Battle of Mukden
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Reason #5 Did Opposition caused the
Revolution?
Liberal pressure grows for reform
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1904 pressure for political reform growing & becoming
organised.
2 organisations appeared:
the League of Liberation
the Paris Bloc.
brought almost all elements of the opposition together. A
clear warning sign for the Tsar.
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Peter Struve
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Ex- Social Democrat
formed liberal
newspaper, “Liberation”.
Created the Union of
Liberation –
brought together many
Liberal opponents of the
Tsar in Jan. 1904.
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The Paris Bloc
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Sept. 1904 - opponents of the Tsar met in Paris to
cooperate and formed the Paris Bloc.
Contained Liberals, SRs, Social Democrats (Mensheviks)
and nationalists. (Pre 1905 these groups are illegal)
Aimed at
1.
the removal of the autocracy
2. National self-determination
3. A democratically elected government.
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What caused the 1905 Revolution…
Aims:
Must :
List the main causes of the 1905 Revolution in
Russia with facts
Should: Explain and argue the most important cause
Starter:
Opposition Groups quiz, quiz, swap
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#5 Did Opposition Liberals lead to a
revolution?
• Zemstva Congress called for a law-making Duma.
• The Union of Liberation organised a “banqueting
campaign” where honest citizens voted for a
Duma.
• Put pressure on the government.
• Dec. 1904. Port Arthur fell. Liberals felt shame!
• Tsar made some concessions but insufficient to
quell discontent. Call for a Duma continued.
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Liberal: Paul Milyukov
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Arranged Revolutionary
Banquets (meetings illegal)
– like one that preceded
the 1848 revolutions in
France.
Enabled influential
members of the
intelligensia to express a
desire for political change.
Leads liberal groups into a
‘Union of Unions’
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Notes: How did ‘Bloody Sunday’ lead to revolution?
Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 33-37 Complete the following Notes:
1905 Revolution – ‘Bloody Sunday’
The course of events:
• It began on…
• Father Gapon…
•The intention of the workers was to…
•The role of the police…
•The events led to criticism of the Tsar as…
Disorder Spreads:
• The reaction was…
• Social revolutionaries…
• Land and properties were…
• Non Russian Minorities…
•A Liberal ‘Union of Unions’…
Mutinies:
• Aboard the Potemkin…
•This led to…
• Witte feared _________ and the Tsar made him…
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Father Gregori Gapon & Bloody Sunday
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Orthodox Priest
Headed the Zubatov Union of
Russian
factory
&
mill
workers.
22nd Jan 1905 - Led to
Winter
Palace
at
St
Petersburg with petition for
Tsar to relieve conditions.
1906 - murdered by Okhrana
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Reason # 7
Did Bloody Sunday lead to Revolution?
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22nd Jan. 1905 bloody sunday nicholas and alexandra 1971
Gapon’s workers went on strike
peacefully marched to present a petition to Tsar.
Troops to prevent attack on Winter Palace.
Nicholas was not there
soldiers fired killing 200
shock was felt throughout the land.
Tsar not ‘little father’???
Results = General strike started
Peasants land seizures etc
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Bloody Sunday, 1905
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The last straw?
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“Bloody Sunday was an
explosive revelation …
snapping the ‘sacred
bond’ which had united
the people with their
Tsar”
Historian Marc Farro
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What were the results of Bloody
Sunday?
• More strikes 1st on 30 Jan (unsuccessful),
• peasant uprisings & nationalist revolts.
• Continuing bad news from the war - the loss of the Baltic
Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima.
• Formation of ‘Union of Unions’ May 1905
• Peace: Treaty of Portsmouth, 6th Aug. 1905 – return of
Witte
• Tsar offered concessions: a consultative Duma = advises
but doesn’t make laws.
• Protests continued. Breakdown of law and order possible
so…
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Results: The October Manifesto,
17th October 1905.
Nicholas promised reforms:
-civil liberties, e.g. Freedom of the press, the
right to form associations, relaxed restrictions
on universities
-extension of the electorate of the Duma;
-Duma could now suggest laws;
-a constitutional charter (set of guaranteed
freedoms and laws limiting Tsar)
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Key Notes:
Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 36-38 Complete the following Notes:
1905 Revolution – ‘Bloody Sunday’
Mutinies:
• Aboard the Potemkin…
•This led to…
• Witte feared _________ and the Tsar made him…
Soviets:
• By Autumn 1905…
• A Soviet was…
Government Recovery:
• On Witte’s advice…
• The Liberals claimed…
• The peasants were pacified as…
• Industrial workers….
•The Soviets were…
•Witte was…
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Key Notes:
Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 36-38 Complete the following Notes:
1905 Revolution – ‘Bloody Sunday’
Mutinies:
• Aboard the Potemkin…
•This led to…
• Witte feared _________ and the Tsar made him…
Soviets:
• By Autumn 1905…
• A Soviet was…
Government Recovery:
• On Witte’s advice…
• The Liberals claimed…
• The peasants were pacified as…
• Industrial workers….
•The Soviets were…
•Witte was…
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Conclusions
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3.
Industrialisation and urbanisation had
changed Russian society socially and
economically. Its people wanted political
changes to reflect this.
The 1905 Revolution was not planned. It was
a spontaneous outbreak of national discontent.
Liberals were active in demanding the creation
of a Duma but many groups had worked
towards this and some of them wanted to go
much further.
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Conclusions
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Tsar forced to grant concessions in order to
stop revolution.
He promised the creation of a Duma.
Where were the revolutionaries???!!!
HW
Higher: p45-50 take notes using headings on p. 56
Int 2: p. 33, p. 37 questions.
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Richard & Judy: TABOO
• Choose ‘Richard and Judy’ from the class
• They have to sit facing away from the board
• Aim is to say the KEYWORD title
• Class must explain it to them…
• but without using any of the words on the screen.
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Marxist
 workers
 Lenin
 Bolshevik
 revolution
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Social Democrat
 Marxist
 Lenin
 Bolshevik
 revolution
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Liberal
 Slow
 Democratic
 Kadet
 Octobrist
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Kadet
 Liberal
 Free
speech
 Revolution
 Middle class
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Narodnik
 Populist
 Peasant
 People
 will
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Octobrist
 Liberal
 Rich
 1905
 duma
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Narodnik
 Populist
 Peasant
 People
 will
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Narodnik
 Populist
 Peasant
 People
 will
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