Transcript Jefferson Davis

Project ExPreSS
Day 5
Mr. Cooper
Manifest Destiny
”From Sea to Shining Sea”
Causes of the Civil War
• S -ectionalism
• E -lection of 1860 (preserve the Union, stop
the spread of slavery)
• C -ultural differences
• S -tates Rights/Nullification
The Nullification Crisis(1832) (SSUSH8c)
•
•
•
•
•
When tariff reached nearly 45% with the passage of the
1828 “Tariff of Abominations”
South Carolina declared
it nullified (that is, not
enforced in the state)
and threatened to secede
Led by John C. Calhoun
President Andrew Jackson
threatened to send in troops
and impose marshal law
The Crisis was averted when
a compromise tariff was passed in 1833
Jefferson Davis
• Jefferson Davis was a graduate of
West Point and served in the
army before becoming a planter.
He served as a Senator from
Mississippi before resigning when
Mississippi seceded from the
Union.
• He was elected President of the
Confederacy.
• Although he was initially
successful in mobilizing the
Confederacy for war—he was
unable to maintain the balance of
military necessity and political
will to keep the Confederacy from
collapsing
Abraham Lincoln
Habeas Corpus
• It is the legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken
before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally
held in custody.
• The Constitution allows a president to suspend habeas corpus
during a national emergency.
• Lincoln used his emergency powers to legalize the holding of
Confederate sympathizers without trial and without a judge
agreeing they were legally imprisoned.
• Over 13,000 Confederate sympathizers were arrested in the
North.
Emergency Powers
• were used by Lincoln.
• This included suspending habeas corpus and
issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.
Lincoln
The Presidents
Jeff. Davis
The Civil War
The head
general
Ulysses S.
Grant
Blue
vs Gray
The head
general
Robert E.
Lee
North v. South (SSUSH9f)
Comparing the 2 sides
South
North
Strategies/Plan of War p.262
• North
• A______ Plan- squeeze
the South
– Blockade on the coast to
keep out supplies
– Capture the Mississippi
River
– Destroy the land so the
Southerners will stop
supporting the war
Strategies/Plan of War continued
• South
• King __________ Diplomacy
– Get Europe to help the South because Europe
needs cotton
Ft. ________, South Carolina
secedes/secession
• Who shoots first?
Confederate Leaders
Robert E. Lee
• Perhaps the most brilliant
military tactician in the war
and his leadership of the
Confederate Army.
• His soldiers followed him
dutifully until he was forced
to surrender to Grant at
Appomattox –with the
Confederacy in full retreat.
Stonewall Jackson
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was a
brilliant field commander under
Robert E. Lee for the Confederacy.
He had taught military strategy at
the Virginia Military Institute prior
to the Civil War.
• While out on patrol inspecting the
front lines at Chancelorsville,
Jackson left from one point and
returned to his command at
another—approaching from the
front. He troops mistook his patrol
for the enemy and fired—killing
him.
Union Leaders (SSUSH9c)
Ulysses S. Grant
His success in the western
campaign and victories at
Shiloh and Vicksburg led to
his promotion to
commander of all Union
armies by Lincoln in March
of 1864.
• After his promotion, while
he took on Robert E. Lee in
Virginia—defeating him at
Appomattox.
William Tecumseh Sherman
• He played an important role in
Grant's victory of Vicksburg.
• When Grant was given overall
command, Sherman was given
command of all of the Western
Forces, amounting to over
100,000 men.
• He went on to capture Atlanta.
• He marched with his forces 80
miles wide, and used "scorchearth tactics" during his famous
march to the sea on November 16
to the December 22, 1864. His
forces raped and pillaged the
country side until the capture of
Savannah
Important Battles of the Civil War
(SSUSH9d)
Vicksburg
One of the last major
Confederate holdouts for
control of the Mississippi
river was Vicksburg. The
siege of Vicksburg lasted
two months until on July
4th, 1863—virtually starving
to death and holed up in
caves from the constant
barrage of artillery from
General Grant—the
Confederates surrendered.
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
This battle was a turning point in the
war
The North won. (south can’t attack the
North)
Later Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg
(0:00 to 1:00)
• April 1863 - At the same time as the
siege of Vicksburg was coming to a
close, the 3 day battle of Gettysburg
was fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• This proved to be the most decisive
battle of the Civil War and also the
costliest.
• Casualties totaled 23,000 for the Union
and 28,000 for the Confederacy.
• The most famous maneuver of the
battle was a suicide charge ordered by
Lee and under the command of General
Pickett. “Pickett’s Charge” resulted in
Confederate soldiers being slaughtered
in an open field charge into heavy gun
and artillery fire.
Gettysburg Address
• In November 1863, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address was another event by
which he shaped popular opinion in favor of preserving the Union. The
occasion was the dedication of a military cemetery at the Gettysburg
battlefield four months after 51,000 people were killed in the battle there.
Most of the ceremony was performed by famous orator Edward Everett, who
spoke for two hours, as was the manner at that time for an important event.
• Then Lincoln rose to speak, starting with his famous words “Four score and
seven years ago.” He spoke for just two minutes in what is now considered
one of the greatest speeches in the English language. His address helped
raise the spirits of northerners who had grown weary of the war and
dismayed by southern victories over the larger Union armies. He convinced
the people that the United States was one indivisible nation.
Vicksburg
• May-July 1863––Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to
Vicksburg, Mississippi, because the army that controlled its
high ground over a bend in the Mississippi River would control
traffic on the whole river.
• After a seven-week siege, Grant achieved one of the Union’s
major strategic goals: he gained control of the Mississippi
River.
• Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Texas were cut off from the Confederacy.
• This Union victory, coupled with the Union victory at
Gettysburg, was the turning point of the war.
Antietam, Maryland
• victory for the North.
Emancipation Proclamation
President Lincoln freed all the slaves in the
Rebel
states.
2 major effects:
1. the beginning of the end of slavery in
the USA
2. The War’s focus shifts
to slavery
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman was a
Union general.
He marched
through GA,
destroying
everything in
his way. (ATL)
Battle of Atlanta
• The Battle of Atlanta
was a long campaign
for the control of
Georgia by Union
General William
Tecumseh Sherman.
• It began with a surging
victory out of
Tennessee at Lookout
Mountain in November
of 1863.
• Union forces pushed
the Confederate Army
back to Atlanta in
September of 1864 and
then began a “March
to the Sea” to
Savannah
Sherman’s March
Sherman continued…
• He destroyed infrastructure to end the war
quickly.
• Sherman did not destroy Savannah, because it
had a lot of
cotton $.
The South Surrenders
• 1865 Appomattox Court House in VA L____
surrenders
to G_____
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.
Lee
Grant
Lincoln
J. Davis
Stonewall Jackson
Winner Antietam
Winner Gettysburg
More Rail Roads
More Cotton
Pro- States Rights
11. More People
21. Issues the Emancipation Proclamation
12. More Motivation
22. Sherman
13. Blue
23. carpetbaggers are from _____
14. Grey
24. scalawags are from __
15. Union
25. King Cotton Diplomacy
16. Yankee
26. Anaconda Plan
17. Rebels
27. pro-nullification
18. Confederate
28. sectionalism
19. better generals
20. winner at the start of the War
30. pro-slavery
North
South
Both
Reconstruction
• The Confederate states had to meet
requirements to get back into the US.
• The __________ party ruled the South
Terms
• Reconstruction- rebuilding the _____ and
uniting the USA
• Freedmen’s Bureau- a gov. group that will help
blacks and ________ in the South est. schools
etc.
• Scalawag- a _____erner who supports
Reconstruction
• Carpetbagger- a _____erner who comes South
to “help
Carpetbaggers
Freedman’s Bureau
• A government group set up to help free slaves
and ________.
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Congress created this the to help African Americans to make
the transition to freedom.
• The Freedmen’s Bureau helped former slaves solve everyday
problems by providing food, clothing, jobs, medicine, and
medical-care facilities.
• While the Freedman’s Bureau did help some former slaves
acquire land unclaimed by its pre-war owners, Congress did
not grant land or the absolute right to own land to all freed
slaves.
• Such land grants would have provided African Americans with
some level of economic independence.
Amendments passed
after the Civil War
• Southern states were required to ratify all these amendments
before they could rejoin the Union. These included:
• 13th Amendment: abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in
the United States
• 14th Amendment: defined U.S. citizenship as including all persons
born in the United States, including African Americans;
guaranteed that no citizen could be deprived of his/her rights
without due process
• 15th Amendment: removed restrictions on voting based on race,
color, or ever having been a slave; granted the right to vote to all
male U.S. citizens over the age of 21
Amendments
• 13th ended ______
• 14th everyone gets equal protection from the
law & citizenship to former _______
• 15th Gave all _____ the right to vote
2 opinions on Reconstruction
• ______ the South
Radical Republicans
• Forgive much of the
South
Presidential
Radical Republican Reconstruction
• This refers to the more laborious process of rejoining the union
that Congress required of the former confederate states.
• Southern states had to reapply for admission to the Union and to
take steps to secure the rights of the newly freed slaves.
• This resulted in the creation of southern state governments that
included African Americans.
• The key feature of the effort to protect the rights of the newly
freed slaves was the passage of three constitutional amendments
during and after the Civil War.
Presidential Reconstruction
• refers to the plans laid out by President Abraham Lincoln and
carried out by President Andrew Johnson.
• This plan echoed the words of Lincoln’s second Inaugural
Address, which urged no revenge on former Confederate
supporters.
• The purpose of Presidential Reconstruction was to readmit
the southern states to the Union as quickly as possible.
• Republicans in Congress, however, were outraged by the fact
that the new southern state governments were passing laws
that deprived the newly freed slaves of their rights.
Black Codes
(1:10)
• In the Reconstruction South, there was resistance to
racial equality.
• All former slave states enacted Black Codes, which
were laws written to control the lives of freed slaves
in ways slaveholders had formerly controlled the
lives of their slaves.
• Black Codes deprived voting rights to freed slaves
and allowed plantation owners to take advantage of
black workers in ways that made it seem slavery had
not been abolished.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
• This occurred because President Johnson ignored laws passed
by Congress to limit presidential powers.
• They passed these laws to stop Johnson from curbing the
Radical Republicans’ hostile treatment of former Confederate
states and their leaders.
• After a three- month trial in the Senate, Johnson missed being
convicted by one vote, therefore he was not removed from
office merely because he held political opinions unpopular
among politicians who had the power to impeach him.
sharecropping, tenant farming,
Review
• Timeline
• Poem/