Transcript The Civil War

The Civil War
1861-1865
The North (Union) vs. the South
(Confederate States of America)
Southern Secession
• Following LINCOLN’S
election, the southern
states seceded from the
Union.
• Confederate forces
attack FORT SUMTER in
South Carolina, marking
the official beginning of
the Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural
Address: Monday, March 4th, 1861
Southern Secession
• Lincoln and many NORTHERNERS believed
that the United States was one nation that
could not be separated or divided. Most
Southerners believes that states had FREELY
created and joined the union, so they could
freely leave it
• Fort Sumter
• April, 1861
• Charleston, SC
• Lincoln sends
supplies to
troops at fort
• South fires on
and captures fort (1000s of artillery rounds used)
• Winner – South
• Start of the Civil War
War Strategies
• Union
– Anaconda Plan
• Squeeze the south from
all sides
• Naval blockade of the
Atlantic
• Naval blockade of the
Mississippi
• Ground invasion from
the North
• Highly organized
through telegram and
railroad
• Confederacy
– Defensive/Offensive
plan
•
•
•
•
Defend land
Hold Ground
War of Attrition
Attack when the
opportunity for victory
is high
• Mainly controlled by
field commanders
• Little central planning
• Seek European allies
Resources & Advantages
North
-Population
-Industry (ammunition)
-Resources
-Labor pool
-Railroad network
-Navy
-Established government
-Abraham Lincoln
South
-Strong military tradition
-Military leaders
(Robert E. Lee)
-Fighting for survival
(Psychological)
-Fighting on home soil
-Defensive War
-Washington, DC was on
the outskirts of VA
Strategies
South
Small armies;
do just enough
damage to break
the North’s will
to fight
Gain recognition
from England &
France; trade
with Europe
instead of North
North
Military
Political /
Economical
Anaconda Plan
Prevent secession
of the
Border States
(MO, KY, DE, MD)
• Anaconda Plan
• 1 – Blockade Southern Ports
• 2 – Take Mississippi River & Split Confederacy
• 3 – Take Richmond (capital of the Confederacy)
Domestic Policies
• Homestead Act – Domestic policy that
allowed poor people in the East to
obtain Land in the West
• Signed tariff legislation to protect
American Industry
• Signed a bill that started the
development of the first
transcontinental railroad
• Foreign policy was focused on
preventing outside intervention in the
Civil War (Britain)
Major Battles of the Civil War
Life for Soldiers
• Poor Conditions in camps
• Poor sanitation, led to the
rapid spread of illness and
disease
• More men died in war from
disease than from battle
• Most frequent treatment of
disease and illness/injury:
Amputation
• Prison Camps: Horrible
Conditions
• Most Famous in Andersonville, GA
• First Battle of Bull Run
• July 21, 1861
• Manassas, VA
• South Gen. P.G.T.
Beauregard & Gen.
Stonewall Jackson’s
troops defeat North
Gen. Irvin McDowell’s 30,000 troops
• Winner – South
• Citizens shocked at the carnage of war
• Lincoln fires McDowell
Raising an Army
• Draft Laws
– Confederacy
• Overseerers of 2000 or more slaves were exempt
• Must pay a fine
• “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
– Union
• Commutation fee of $300
– Average day’s wages was $1
– NYC Riots – immigrants revolt against blacks (Jobs)
• Monitor v. Virginia
• March, 1862
• Off VA coast
• North Monitor v.
South Virginia
(used to be Union
Merrimack)
• Winner – None
• First battle of ironclad ships (modern naval
warfare!)
• Battle of Shiloh
• April, 1862
• Southwest Tennessee
• North Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
captures forts in TN, wins
two-day battle in Shiloh;
25,000 troop casualties
• Winner – North
• Death toll horrifying for North & South
• Grant’s reputation hurt
• Second Battle of Bull Run
• August, 1862
• Manassas, VA
• South Gen. Lee &
Jackson defeat larger
Northern force
• Winner – South
• Southern confidence is high
• Lincoln re-hires McClellan
Antietam (1862) – Lee’s 1st invasion of
the North – bloodiest single day of the
war (MD) – 23,000 casualties in one day
• Battle of Antietam
• Sept. 17, 1862
• Sharpsburg, MD
• North Gen. McClellan defeats South Gen. Lee;
23,000 casualties; Lee retreats to VA
• Winner – North
• Bloodiest day in American history
• Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
Clara Barton – “Angel of Antietam,”
founder of the American Red Cross
WOMEN IN THE WAR
Clara Barton
-Famous Civil War
nurse, cared for wounded
soldiers on the battlefields
-Best known for her later work
with the Red Cross
What are other women doing during the war?
• Vast majority of women took over family businesses,
farms, and plantations
• Jobs typically for men become held by more women
(teaching, for example)
• Nursing
Antietam: Importance
• Gives Lincoln
enhanced
confidence
• Issues the
Emancipation
Proclamation
ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND SLAVERY
• Did not go to war against the South in 1860
to abolish slavery
– His primary goal was to preserve the
Union
• However, average northern soldiers and
northern public opinion did see abolition of
slavery as a major goal of the war
• In addition, the freeing of slaves would
deprive the South of valuable manpower in
both military and civilian areas and thus
cripple the Southern war effort
• For both emotional and practical reasons,
the demand for the abolition of slavery
grew in the North while the war was still
going on
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Jan. 1, 1863
• Freed slaves in
rebellious states
• No immediate
impact on slavery
• One of the war
goals now becomes
abolition
Proclamation of Emancipation 1863
“In giving freedom
to the slave, we
assure freedom to
the free - honorable
alike in what we
give, and what we
preserve”.
Lincoln
p. 236-239
Emancipation Proclamation
Who issued it?:
With victory at Antietam,
Lincoln issues the
Emancipation Proclamation
Whom did it free?:
All enslaved people in
rebelling states beginning
January 1, 1863
Who is this leaving out?:
It did not apply to loyal border
states or to places that were
already under Union military
control;
Didn’t free ALL slaves!
So, it received a mixed reaction (both positive and negative)
• After the Proclamation, the North begins active
recruitment of African Americans
• 180,000 African American volunteers in the Union
military by war’s end (85% of freedmen fought for the
Union)
• Most well-known African American regiment:
– 54th Massachusetts Regiment
– Robert Gould Shaw
• What difficulties do
you think they faced?
• Prejudice: Assigned menial
tasks, longest guard, exposed
battle positions, lower pay, killed if captured
Gettysburg
• July 1-3,
1863
• 3 Day Battle
• Union held
the high
ground
– Cemetery
Ridge
– Culp’s Hill
– Round Tops
Day 2
Col. Joshua Chamberlain, 20th Maine
– “Fix Bayonets”
Day 3
• Pickett’s charge: “In the center, they will break.”
• Battle of Gettysburg
• July 1-3, 1863
• Pennsylvania
• General Lee & the South invade the North
• 3-day battle ends after unsuccessful Southern attack known
as “Pickett’s Charge”
• 90,000 Union soldiers fought 75,000 Confederate soldiers.
• 50,000 casualties
• Winner – North
• ***Turning Point***
• South retreats to VA
• Lincoln issues Gettysburg Address
Vicksburg Campaign
• Siege Warfare
• Total War (vs.
Citizens and
Soldiers)
• Battle of Vicksburg
• July 1863
• Mississippi
• Grant places Vicksburg under siege, cutting
off supplies & bombarding the city until its
surrender
• Winner – North
• ***Turning Point in the War***
• North gains the Mississippi River,
splits Confederacy in half
Which plan does this satisfy?
Gettysburg Address
• 2 minutes
• “Equality for all”
• Uses victory at Gettysburg as event for
speech
• Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
• Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation,
or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are
met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave
their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper
that we should do this.
• But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or
detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living,
rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they
gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under
God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Ulysses S. Grant
Granted command of Union Army after Vicksburg
William Tecumseh Sherman
“We shall
make the
south sick of
war.”
•Total War
•“60 mile
swath”
•Pillaging
Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)
• Sherman’s March to the Sea
• May – Dec 1864
• Georgia
• (North) Gen. William T. Sherman
marches from TN/GA border, through
Atlanta, to GA coast,
• Destroyed cities, factories, RRs, homes along the way;
“Total War”
• Winner – North
• Atlanta burned to the ground
• Southern economy destroyed
Election of 1864
• Battle of Ft. Fisher
• December 1864
• Wilmington, NC
• Failed attempt by Union forces to capture the fort
guarding Wilmington, the South's last major port on the
Atlantic
• 1st day – Union tried to blow up a ship to destroy the
Fort’s walls and failed; 2nd day – Union tried to come
ashore and failed
• 320 casualties
• Winner – South
• The South keeps their port
th
13
Amendment
• Adopted in
February, 1865
• Outlaws Slavery in
USA
• Battle of Bentonville
• March 1865
• North Carolina
• Confederate army launched a tactical offensive on
Union troops
• Only significant attempt to defeat the large Sherman
during its march through the Carolinas in the spring
of 1865
• Winner – North
• Largest battle fought in NC
• Appomattox Court House
• April 1865
• Virginia
• (South) Gen. Lee’s
troops are trapped
& surrounded by
Northern troops
• Lee formally surrenders to Grant
• Winner – North
• The war is (unofficially) over
Death Tolls
• Union – 360,000 (41% of total army)
• Confederacy – 258,000 (56% of total army)
• Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865
• Ford’s Theatre, D.C.
• John Wilkes Booth sneaks into Lincoln’s booth,
shoots him in the head
• Loss of a great
leader, but seen by
many as a hero and
a symbol of freedom
• http://www.history.com/topics/john-wilkes-booth/interactives/johnwilkes-booth-timeline-and-map
What qualities helped Abraham
Lincoln to become a great leader?
• Capacity to listen to different points of
view.
• Ready willingness to share blame for
failure.
• Going Out into the Field and Manage
Directly.
• Ability to Communicate Goals and
Vision.
• Strength to Adhere to Fundamental
Goals.
• Knowing How to Relax and Replenish.
Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Historian
Inside the Lincoln Memorial, a majestic statue sits in repose
with the following words inscribed . . .
In This Temple
As in The Hearts Of The
People
For Whom He saved The
Union
The Memory Of Abraham
Lincoln Is Enshrined
Forever