Transcript Chapter 11 - The Civil Warx

1861-1865
The Union & Confederacy in 1861
The Leaders of the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
Population - 22 million
 90% of industry goods, especiallly munitions
 Efficient railroad system
 Better navy, used to blockade southern ports
 Have to take the war to the South
 Good military leaders, but troops lack experience
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The Union Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
George Meade
Ulysses S. Grant
Rating the North & the South
Railroad
Lines in
1860
The “Anaconda” Plan
The North’s Plan  Squeeze
the South!!!
Overview
of
the
North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
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Confederates had excellent generals (Robert
E. Lee and Thomas Jackson)
Defending homeland is always easier than
attacking - (familiar w/climate and territory,
possible psychological advantages)
Farmers fight better than factory workers
King Cotton dominated the economy
Smaller population of 9 million (inc. 3.5
million slaves)
Have to import industrial goods
The Confederate Generals –
Advantage
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
New Weapons
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Rifles
 More accurate
 Breech Loading
 Load in the back
Gatlin Gun
Minie ball
Destructive bullet
War in the East: 1861-1862
First Battle of Bull Run
(July 1861 - Virginia)
Battle of the Ironclads
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Steam-propelled
warship
covered by iron
Monitor (Union)
Merrimac (CSS
Virginia)
March, 1862
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
Battle of Antietam
(Maryland)
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Gen. Robert E. Lee
moving troops into
Maryland
Single bloodiest day
of the war (2700
Confederates and
2100 Union dead)
Union victory
Lincoln fires
McClellan
Lincoln issue
Emancipation
Proclamation
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It freed the
slaves only in
states that have
seceded from the
Union.
It did not free
slaves in border
states.
Gave people high
moral purpose
Kept British from
supporting South
The Southern View of Emancipation
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April 6-7, 1862
North: 69,000 troops
lost – 13,000
South: 44,700 troops
loses – 10,700
Confederate loss allows
Union to advance into
Mississippi
Begin Chapter 11-2
The Politics of War
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Main Goal: Preserve the
Union!!!
One of the top 3
Presidents in U.S.
History
Issues Emancipation
Proclamation
- Free the slaves in
the South
- Does not free slaves
in the border states
- Political and Moral
reasons
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Lincoln suspends Habeas
Corpus
- court order to determine
why a person was arrested
13,000 Confederate
sympathizers arrested in
North
Many Copperheads detained
- Northern Democrats who
wanted peace w/ South
Confederate President
Jefferson Davis also
suspends Habeas Corpus
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The South thought Great
Britain and other countries
would help them against the
North
The British had stockpiled
cotton before the war started
Great Britain also found
other sources such as India
Most British people were
against slavery
British began to trade with
the North for grain
The South sends delegates to
Great Britain to try to gain
support
The Draft
 Conscription:
military draft used by
both sides.
 South: law in 1862
- ages 18-35
- 17-50 after 1864
- exempted if
owned
20 or more slaves
 North: law in 1863
- ages 20-45 (3 yrs)
 War only had 46,000
draftees out of 2
million that served
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
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Poor white workers
(Irish) resent
fighting a war to
free slaves
Feared blacks
would take away
their jobs
100 people died
during riots
NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)
Begin Chapter 11-3
Life During Wartime
African Americans Fight for Freedom
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1862 – Congress passes law
allowing African Americans
to serve in military (after
Emancipation Proclamation)
African American soldiers
served in separate
regiments
Until 1864, black soldiers
earned $10/month
white soldiers earned
$13/month
Mortality rate higher for
black soldiers
- labor duty
- Confederacy would kill
Union black soldier
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
Fort Wagner, SC
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Also called Battery Wagner
on Morris Island, SC
July 11, 1863
Union attack was led by the
54th Massachusetts Volunteer
Infantry
Colonel Robert Shaw led the
black regiment
Union lost and many were
buried close to the fort
Confederates abandon fort
due to decomposition of
bodies contaminating their
fresh water
Remains of Union troops
washed out to sea from
hurricanes
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
The Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN
April 12, 1864
Nathan Bedford Forrest @ Fort Pillow
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262 African Americans
295 White Soldiers
Ordered black soldiers
murdered after they
surrendered
Many white soldiers
were killed as well
Became the first Grand
Wizard of the Ku Klux
Klan after the war
Southern Shortages
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Why?
- Men left for the army
- Union occupation of food-growing areas
- loss of slaves working in the fields
Meat, rice, and corn were in short supply
- 1861, family spent $6.65/month on
food
- 1863, family spent $68/month on food
Union blockade cripples South
- shortages in salt, sugar, coffee, needles,
medicine
Inflation in the South
Northern Economic Growth
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Good
- Industrial growth due to need for uniforms,
shoes, guns, and other supplies
- More women went to work in factories
Bad
- Congress passes nation’s first income tax
- Wages did not keep up with prices
- “The Age of Shoddy”: Corruption, raggy
uniforms, spoiled meat, high prices for guns
Soldiers Suffer
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Lived among garbage,
spoiled food, human
excrement
Little regard for personal
hygiene
- body lice, dysentery,
diarrhea
What they ate
- North: bacon, beans,
pickled beef, hardtack
- South: “cush” – cubes of
beef, cornbread
Embalming a dead Union soldier
Andersonville
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Confederate Prison
33,000 Union
soldiers
No shelter
Creek serves as
drinking water and
sewer
Distributing Rations
Union Survivors
Burying Dead Union POWs
Begin Chapter 11-4
The North Takes Charge
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)
(Pennsylvania)
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Causes
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General Lee takes
battle to the North
Significance
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Union Win
Largest battle ever in
Western Hemisphere
Turning point of the
war for the Union
Lee never again
invades the North
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Casualties
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that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of
devotion -- that we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died in
vain -- that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom -- and that
government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from the
earth.
Abe Lincoln
The War in
the West,
1863:
Vicksburg
Battle of Vicksburg (July 4,1863)
(Mississippi)
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Causes
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Part of the North’s
Anaconda Plan
Significance
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Splits South from
east and west (Tx,
Ark., La.)
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North now controls
Mississippi River
Battle of Vicksburg
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)
Presidential
Election
Results:
1864
Appomattox Courthouse (April 9, 1865)
(Virginia)
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Causes:
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South is very low
on supplies
Confederates are
outnumbered
Significance
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Lee surrenders
Civil War ends
Union wins!
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
Battles of the Civil War
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Begin Chapter 11-5
The Legacy of the War
Over 618,000 military deaths during Civil War.
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other
Wars
EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR
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Creation of a single unified country
13th Amendment  abolished slavery
Increased power of the Federal Government
U.S. now an industrial nation
Western lands increasingly opened to
settlement
South was economically and physically
devastated, w/ the plantation system
crippled
Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.)
4 million freed African Americans
South still had a deep hatred of the North
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
The Assassination of Lincoln
April 14th, 1865: Five days after
surrender at Appomattox Court House
 Place: Fords Theatre
 Killer: John Wilkes Booth
- “Sic semper tyrannis” – Thus be it
ever to tyrants.
 7million turned out to mourn Lincoln
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Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
WANTED~~!!
Now He Belongs to the
Ages!