Transcript Antietam

The Battle of
Gettysburg
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Timeline of Gettysburg
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Before the Battle
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
After the Battle
Before the Battle
• Confederates inflict bloody
defeat on Union at
Fredericksburg, VA. (12/13/62)
• North defeated again in the
Battle of Chancellorsville, VA
(April 30-May 6, 1863)
• General Stonewall Jackson is
shot by his own men in an
accident and dies of Pneumonia
(May 1863)
• Lee decides to invade North in
Spring-Early Summer ‘63:
– to gain supplies
– pull Union forces away from
Vicksburg, MS
– invasion in North would hurt
Lincoln’s political power.
Gettysburg
5 reasons Lee invaded Pennsylvania :
1. to disrupt the Union’s ability to attack the Confederate
capital at Richmond, Virginia
2. to draw the United States Army away from the safety of the
defenses of Washington, D.C. and fight them in the “open”
3. to take the war away from the farmers in Virginia who
were having problems planting and harvesting crops, as
both armies had been camping or fighting on their land for
the previous two summers
4. to “live off the land” and collect food/supplies to take back
to Virginia
5. to win a decisive victory on Northern soil in the hopes of
bringing the Civil War to a close
Day 1
• Confederate soldiers led
by A.P. Hill went on a
search for shoes in
Gettysburg, attacked by
Union troops
• Confederates take
control of the town of
Gettysburg
• 90,000 Union troops
took the field against
75,000 Confederates
over 3 days
Day 2
• Lee orders General James
Longstreet to attack at Cemetery
Ridge
• Confederate soldiers attack at an
unprotected Union hill known as
Little Round Top
• Union leaders send Colonel
Joshua L. Chamberlain and his
men to defend Little Round Top
• Because Chamberlain was
running low on ammo, he ordered
his men to attack the
Confederates with fixed bayonets.
This surprise attack left
Confederates surrendering in
droves.
The Battle of Gettysburg: Little Round
Top
• July 1-3, 1863 - Gettysburg, PA
• Gen. George G. Meade [Union]; Gen. Robert E. Lee [Confederate]
• The fighting raged on for 3 days, 90,000 Union Troops under command of
George Meade clashed with 75,000 Confederate troops under Robert E.
Lee.
• On the second day, Joshua Chamberlain in charge of The 20th Maine
(Union) held the extreme left of the Union line on Little Round Top.
• Union had almost no ammunition left
• Chamberlain ordered his men fix bayonets and run downhill at the
Confederates.
• The 20th Maine’s heroic action forced the Confederates to retreat! (this
prevented the Confederates from “Flanking” the Union line.)
Little Round Top
Little Round Top
Day 3
• Lee felt could break Union
defenses, because Union
weakened
• Lee ordered a Confederate
artillery barrage-160 cannons
2 miles long! at the middle of
Union lines mid afternoon
• It’s the largest artillery barrage
EVER in the western
hemisphere
• Longstreet, confident the
barrage had silenced Union
guns, ordered Confederate
troops to attack the center of
the Union lines.
• Northern artillery resumed its
fire- 100 cannons and crippled
the Confederate attackers.
Pickett’s Charge
• Pickett’s Charge- Infantry assault of
approximately 15,000 Confederate soldiers
against Union Major General George
Meade's troops' position along Cemetery
Ridge.
• The assault resulted in over 6,000
Confederate casualties in failed attempt at
Cemetery Ridge…
• after the charge Lee asks Pickett to
prepare his division and Pickett response,
" General Lee, I have NO division…”
Gettysburg - Day 3
•
Lee took offensive and led an attack in the north (Pennsylvania)
•
The South pushed the North lines back until Union stands firm at Cemetery
Ridge
•
Pickett’s Charge (day 3): Gen. George Pickett saw more than 3,000 men in his
division die in failed attempt at Cemetery Ridge… after the charge Lee asks
Pickett to prepare his division and Pickett response, " General Lee, I
have NO division…”
•
On July 4, Lee began withdrawing his army. His train of wounded stretched
more than fourteen miles!
•
Grant captures Vicksburg, MS on same day July 4th – Union now controls
entire Mississippi River!
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Gettysburg was TURNING POINT in war – South never led another attack in
the North…
PICKETT’S CHARGE
After the Battle
• More than 23,000 Union casualties
and 28,000 Confederate Casualties
• Lee gave up hopes of invading the
North and retreated back to
Virginia
• Lee turned in his resignation which
Jefferson Davis did not accept
• The North won the Battle of
Vicksburg (May 18-July 4th, 1863)
• Lincoln gave the Gettysburg
Address in November 1863.
Gettysburg Casualties
After three days of fighting…
… and 51,000 casualties
killed, wounded, or missing
Gettysburg
The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was defeated
Lee and his army left
PA and retreated back
to Virginia.
Never again would the
Confederates invade a
Northern state in large
numbers.
The Aftermath
In the United States
The victories at Gettysburg
and Vicksburg increased
the morale of the United
States and its armies. Many
people now felt that the war
might be won.
In the Confederate
States
The losses at Vicksburg and
Gettysburg decreased the
morale of the Confederate
States and its armies.
For most of the remainder
of the war the Confederates
would be fighting on
the defensive.
The Aftermath
Back at Gettysburg, the dead
were buried in quickly dug
battlefield graves.
The Aftermath
On November 19, 1863, a
Soldiers’ National Cemetery
was established at
Gettysburg for the Union
dead.
Gettysburg Address
• November 19th 1863 to dedicate a national cemetery.
• Lincoln gives short (2 mins.), moving speech 5 months
after the battle
• Reminds crowd of ideals of liberty, equality, and democracy!
• Dedicates himself & North to WINNING WAR and, Preserving
the Union!
• He urges people to help preserve the nation, so that the dead
will not have died in vain (died for nothing)!
Gettysburg Address Vocab
Conceive – to form a notion or idea
Proposition – a suggestion that something be done or thought about
Engaged – to be occupied with a task
Endure – to continue to exist or last
Consecrate – to make or declare sacred; set apart or dedicate
Hallow – to honor as holy or sacred
Detract – to draw away or divert attention
Devotion – dedication, or commitment to a cause
Vain – without real significance or value
Perish – to pass away or disappear
Sherman’s March
TOTAL WAR!
• SHERMAN WAGED TOTAL WAR – war against
all military and civilian resources, war against
the enemy troops, and everything that supported
the Confederates.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
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Sherman took Atlanta in Sept. 1864, Sherman’s success helps Lincoln win reelection
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In Nov. 1864 Sherman burned Atlanta, and started the march
• Union army cut a path of destruction 60 miles
wide and 300 miles long!
• 60,000 troops, 25,000 horses, 2,500 wagons, 600
ambulance carts
• His troops burned crops, tore up train tracks (Sherman
neckties), burned/looted homes and towns.
•
He led his troops over 650 miles in less than 100 marching days, losing only 600 men
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19,000 former slaves followed the
Union army to freedom!
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His March helped to end the Civil War!
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Sherman’s
March
to
the
Sea
Map
Add a Title
•
Label States
•
Draw the Union
Advance (Sherman’
March) Blue, green
or purple
•
Draw the
Confederate retreat:
orange, pink or red
•
Add explosions and
names/dates of
battles
•
Color Confederate
States (any light
color)
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Add a KEY on the
side of map
Sherman’s
“March
to the
Sea”
through
Georgia,
1864
Sherman’s March
• Major General William
Tecumseh Sherman
• On November 12, 1864,
Sherman marched out
of Atlanta toward the
Atlantic coast.
• Tracing a line of march
between Macon and
Augusta, he carved a
sixty-mile wide path of
destruction in the
South’s heartland.
The Final Virginia Campaign: 1864-1865
Appomattox Courthouse
• Lee’s army is trapped between Sherman and Grant
• Facing starvation he decides situation is hopeless and Lee
surrenders to Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse
• Grant’s terms were easy – Rebels must not turn against United
States again, they can keep horses and guns. Grant also fed the
starving Rebels!
• After 4 years of battle and 620,000 deaths, Civil War is over
• The Civil War ends, but bitterness between North and South would
linger on
*** John B. Gordon (Confederate General who was shot 5 times at Antietam) led the
Confederate troops out of Appomattox. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (Hero at Little Round
Top/Gettysburg had all his Union troops salute the defeated Confederates as they marched out.
A “CLOSE READ” of Don Troiani’s
THE LAST SALUTE
A “CLOSE READ” of Don Troiani’s
THE LAST SALUTE
“The Last Salute” by artist Don Troiani captures an incident that took place in the small town of
Appomattox, Virginia 3 days after General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern
Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant in the parlor of Wilmer McLean’s house on April 9th, 1865.
The following is taken from Brian Pohanka’s book, “DON TROIANI’S CIVIL WAR”:
On the chilled, overcast morning of April 12th, Brevet Major General Joshua L. Chamberlain
deployed the veterans of his old 3rd Brigade, 1st Division 5th Corps along the RichmondLynchburg Stage Road outside the village of Appomattox Court House. The General and his
staff took position on the right of the line alongside the 32nd Massachusetts and beneath the
red Maltese cross of the division flag. Maintaining an awed silence, the Federal troops rested in
place as their southern counterparts began marching uphill toward the village to meet the men
in blue for the last time.
At the head of the Confederate column rode 33 year old John B. Gordon, who like Chamberlain
had fought bravely and skillfully through 4 long years of war and bore scares of near fatal
wounds. When the Confederates drew abreast of his command, Chamberlain called his troops
to attention, then to shoulder arms, thus rendering a salute to Gordon’s soldiers in their hour of
heartbreak and grief. Recognizing the gesture as, “a token of respect from Americans to
Americans,” Gordon saluted Chamberlain with his sword and ordered his own troops to return
the honor. Choked with emotion, men of both sides wept unashamedly. One Federal soldier
wrote, “It was a proud but sad scene and our men felt a soldier’s sympathy for their brave
antagonists.” And with this … the tragedy of the American Civil War drew to its end.
Who is Wilmer McLean?
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McLean (1818-1882) was a Virginian farmer and merchant who had the great
misfortune to have his farm near Bull Run where, in 1861, the first great battle of the
American Civil War took place. In fact, McLean was so close to the action that his
house was briefly taken over by the Confederate General Beauregard, who used it
as his headquarters: and one of the first Union cannon shells went crashing into
Wilmer’s kitchen destroying the general’s dinner!
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McLean soon after took his family away – wisely because the territory around Bull
Run would continue to be contested. He moved, in fact, to peaceful Appomattox
county in the south of the state of Virginia.
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FAST FORWARD: Almost four years later his new home, near Appomattox Court
House, Virginia, was the agreed location for General Robert E. Lee to surrender to
General Ulysses S. Grant on APRIL 9, 1865.
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Colonel Charles Marshall is sent to find a location for Lee’s meeting with Grant.
Marshall stopped the first man he saw in the deserted streets. It was Wilmer Mclean!
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McLean foolishly agreed. ‘Foolishly’ because his home was ransacked by Union
souvenir hunters who took anything that they could carry!
• The war began in Wilmer McLean’s front yard and ended in
his front parlor!
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
*** Colonel Charles Marshall is sent to find a location for Lee’s meeting with Grant.
Marshall stopped the first man he saw in the deserted streets. It was Wilmer
Mclean! Wilmer Mclean reluctantly offered his home: Civil War started in his
front yard ended in his Parlor!
Wilmer McLean
Response/Summary
• Response/Summary
(3 Sentences or More)
Write about McLean’s experience: about the
war STARTING in his front yard and
ENDING in his parlor, and people
plundering/looting his house afterward…
Wilmer McLean Journal Entries
• Journal Entry #1 – July 21, 1861
Write about McLean's experience at Bull Run, and why
is he moving his family…
• Journal Entry– April 9, 1865
Write about McLean’s feeling about the war
STARTING in his front yard and ENDING in his
parlor, and people plundering/looting his house
afterward…
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
Lincoln’s Assassination
• On evening of April 15, 1865 President Lincoln goes to
Ford’s Theater with his wife to see a play
• John Wilkes Booth, an unemployed actor and southerner
sneaks into Lincoln’s theater box and shoots him in head
• Booth escapes, but is later caught and shot
• Lincoln dies next morning, and VP Andrew Johnson is sworn
in
The Assassination
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
WANTED!