Transcript texasrevolution

The Texas Revolution
Spanish Texas
• The Spanish had
been in the Americas
since Columbus in
1492.
• Spain owned a large
part of North
America, including
Texas.
Tejanos
• In 1821, only about 4,000 Tejanos lived in
Texas.
• Tejanos are people of Spanish heritage who
consider Texas their home.
• The Spanish government tried to attract
Spanish setters to Texas, but very few came.
Moses Austin
• An American, Moses
Austin was given
permission by the
Spanish government to
start a colony in Texas.
• All the Americans had to
do was follow Spanish
laws.
• Moses died in 1821, so
his son Stephen tried to
start the colony.
In 1821, Mexico won independence
from Spain
Mexican Independence Changes Texas
• The Mexican government
told Stephen Austin his
settlers would have to
become Mexican citizens and
members of the Roman
Catholic Church, and learn
Spanish.
• Between 1821 and 1827,
Austin attracted 297 families
to his new settlement.
• The success of Austin’s colony attracted more
land speculators and settlers to Texas from
the United States. Some were looking for a
new life, some were escaping from the law,
and others were looking for a chance to grow
rich. By 1830, the population had swelled to
about 30,000,with Americans outnumbering
the Tejanos six to one.
Rising Tensions in Texas
• In 1829, the Mexican government outlawed
slavery.
• The settlers wanted to keep their slaves so
they could grow cotton.
• The Americans also didn’t want to learn
Spanish or follow Mexican laws.
• Very few settlers had converted to
Catholicism.
• In 1829, the Mexican government closed the state
to further American immigration.
• Texans had to start paying taxes for the first
time.
• Mexican president, General Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna sent more Mexican troops to Texas.
• Texans began talk of breaking away from Mexico.
• When Stephen Austin was jailed, the Texans did
revolt.
• Santa Anna led 6,000 troops to Texas to put down
the revolt.
The Alamo
• The first battle
between the Texans
and Mexicans took
place at on old
mission that was
used as a fort.
• It was called the
Alamo.
The Fight for the Alamo
• There were only 183 Texans guarding the Alamo.
• The Mexican army had 1,800 men.
• The Texans held the Alamo for twelve days.
• On the thirteenth day, Santa Anna ordered his men
to storm the fortress.
• When it was over, all but five Texans were dead.
The men not killed in the battle were executed by
Santa Anna.
• Texans were shocked by the slaughter at the Alamo
and vowed to fight for their freedom.
Battle at San Jacinto
• Santa Anna had over 300 more Texans executed at
Golidad.
• Texan general, Sam Houston gathered more troops, 800 in
all.
• It included Tejanos, American settlers, volunteers from
the United States, and many free and enslaved African
Americans.
• They met Santa Anna at San Jacinto.
• Their battle cry was, “Remember the Alamo!”
• It was over in 18 minutes. More than half the Mexican
army was killed.
• Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty giving Texas its
freedom. With the Battle of San Jacinto,Texas was now an
independent country.
General Santa Anna surrenders to
General Houston
Lone Star Republic
• In 1836, Texas declared itself
The Lone Star Republic.
• Sam Houston was elected
president.
• Some Americans wanted Texas
to be part of the U.S.
• Some people were afraid of
Texas becoming a slave state,
others of war with Mexico.
• Both would eventually
happen.
Texas and the Civil War
and
Reconstruction
Civil War (1861-1865)
Reconstruction (1865-1874)
Civil War (1861-1865)
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States’ Rights
Slavery
Confederate States of
America
Last battle fought of
the Civil War
Blockade
Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil
War
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States Rights
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Texans believed that
states should be able
to make their own
political, economic,
and social decisions.
Slavery
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Texans believed that
slavery was vital to the
economy.
Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil
War
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Sectionalism – loyalty
to the interests of
one's own region or
section of the
country, rather than
the nation as a whole
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The Texas economy,
social structure,
customs, and political
values was much like
other southern states.
Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil
War
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Tariff – a tax on trade
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Texans were for low tariffs
to continue to trade cotton
with European nations.
Southern states produced
80% of the world’s supply
of cotton.
The federal government
imposed protective tariffs
Civil War in Texas
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Political effects
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Texas joined the
Confederate States of
America
Houston removed from
office because he failed to
sign an oath to the
Confederacy
Conscription Act – 60,000
Texans joined Confederate
army
Some Texans sided with
the Union and joined the
Union forces
Civil War in Texas
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Economic effects
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Shortages of commodities,
such as coffee, medicine,
clothing, salt, paper
Trade along Mexican border
continued and supplied some
of these items to Texans
Cotton production declines
and corn and wheat
production increases
Shortage of free labor
Inadequate production in
agriculture and business
Shortages were also due to
the Union blockade along the
Texas coast
Civil War in Texas
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Social effects
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Greater responsibilities
for women and
children during the
war
Loss of family
members
Union supporters were
treated with hostility
Important People and Events of the
Civil War
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John Bell Hood
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Leader of the
Confederacy’s Hood’s
Texas Brigade
Most notable battle Seven
Day’s Campaign and fought
at Gettysburg
Ft. Hood in Killeen is
named for him
John Reagan
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Served in the cabinet of
Confederate President
Jefferson Davis as
Postmaster General
Important People and Events of the
Civil War
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Francis Lubbock
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Governor of Texas in 1861
Assistant to Confederate
President Jefferson Davis
John Magruder
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Commanded Confederate
forces in Texas
Recaptured Galvesto
Important People and Events of the
Civil War
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Thomas Green
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Led the troops that were
on the steamboats
converted to gunboats by
General John B. Magruder,
who commanded the
Confederate forces in
Texas
Gunboats attacked Union
ships in Galveston Bay and
took back control of
Galveston
Important People and Events of
the Civil War
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Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross
 Served as the
19th governor of Texas, a
Confederate States Army
general during the
American Civil War, and a
president of the
Agricultural and Mechanical
College of Texas, now
called Texas A&M
University
Important People and Events of the
Civil War
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Battle of Galveston
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July 1861 – the Union Navy began
to blockade Texas ports
October 1862 – a Union fleet
sailed into Galveston Harbor and
Confederate forces retreated.
Confederate General John B.
Magruder recaptured it by
converting two steamboats into
gunboats by lining their sides with
cotton bales, earning the
nickname “Cotton Clads”
January 1, 1863 – General John B.
Magruder and his men captured
several hundred Union soldiers.
The city of Galveston was again
under Confederate control
Important People and Events of the
Civil War
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Battle of Sabine Pass
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1863 – The U.S. made plans to invade Texas.
Union General William B. Franklin and 5,000 troops hoped to land his
army near Sabine City, and then march overland to attack Houston and
Beaumont
Ft. Griffin at Sabine Pass was guarded by Confederate Lieutenant
Richard Dowling and Davis Guards
September 8, 1863, Union soldiers attacked, but the Davis Guards
fought back, marking a complete victory for the Confederacy
Important People and Events of the
Civil War
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Battle of Palmito Ranch
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Confederate General Robert E.
Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865,
but Confederate forces did not
stop fighting for another month
because word spread slowly.
May 12, 1865 – the Union army
moved inland to occupy
Brownsville.
They collided with Confederate
troops led by John S. Ford, who
captured over 100 Union troops,
and battled with them
Union troops informed the
Confederate troops that the war
was over.
Reconstruction (1865-1874)
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13th Amendment – ended
slavery
14th Amendment – citizenship
given to African Americans
15th Amendment – suffrage
given to all males
Radical Republicans
Military Districts
Removal of Native Americans
on the frontier
Cattle Industry booms
Constitution of 1876
Reconstruction (1865-1874)
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Political effects
 Martial law – the military polices the state
under Governor Edwards
 Constitution of 1876 – written at the end
of Reconstruction; this is the constitution
Texas still follows today
 Indian wars – the government removes
Native Americans from the frontier.
 Passage of the Reconstruction
Amendments
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13th Amendment – ended slavery
14th Amendment – citizenship given to African
Americans
15th Amendment – suffrage given to all males
Reconstruction (1865-1874)
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Economic effects
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Growth of tenant farming and sharecropping
Expansion of railroad
Cattle industry booms
Reconstruction (1865-1874)
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Social effects
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Concern over future of
freedmen
Juneteenth – June 19, 1865 –
Emancipation Day in Texas
(African-Americans learn they
are free)
Freedmen’s Bureau established
Black Codes (state laws that
limited rights of African
Americans
Ku Klux Klan (terrorized African
American voters and kept them
away from the polls)
Effects of Physical and Human
factors on Texas
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End of the Civil War in Texas and
freeing of Texas slaves
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Communication during the 19th
century was very slow. The war ended
April 9, 1865.
Confederate soldiers were still fighting
May 12 - May 13, 1865 in Texas
because they had not heard that
Robert E. Lee surrendered and the war
was over
Texas slaves did not hear about their
emancipation until June 19, 1865
Texas is not devastated after the war
because few battles were fought in
Texas in comparison to the rest of the
southern states.
Crops were still planted/sold through
Mexico and circumvented the Union
blockades
Texas Timeline
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Texas in the Civil War and
Reconstruction –
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1861 – Sam Houston resigns
as governor of Texas
1861 – Texas secedes
1865 – The Civil War ends and
Abraham Lincoln is
assassinated
June 19, 1865 – Texas slaves
find out they are free from
General Gordon Granger in
Galveston
1870 – Texas is readmitted to
the United States
1874 – Reconstruction ends in
Texas
Texas Timeline
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Texas in the Civil War and
Reconstruction
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1876 – the Constitution of 1876 is
adopted. (This is the constitution
used in Texas today.)
1861 – Civil War begins (Texas
joins the Confederate States of
America, seceding from the U.S.)
1876 – adoption of current state
constitution (Texans did not want
a strong central government and
opted to rewrite the constitution
and include limitation of the
governor’s powers and voting
rights to African Americans)
1894: Oil discovered at Corsicana
On January 10, 1901,
Captain A. F Lucas, with
financial backing from
the Mellon interests,
made the most
important oil discovery
in Texas history in
Southeast Texas at
Spindletop
The blending of the technological expertise of
the Hammill brothers of Corsicana and the
money of the Mellon men tapped the
Spindletop pool on January 10, 1901.
For nine days Spindletop spewed oil
unchecked, with between 70,000 and 100,000
barrels flowing from it daily. As word of the big
strike spread, speculators of all stripes rushed
to Beaumont. p. 245.
“The boom that Spindletop triggered would ultimately see oil
surpass both cattle and cotton to become the linchpin of Texas
prosperity.” (Calvert, De León & Cantrell, p. 243.)
Spindletop, Texas oil fire.
Spindletop was the location of the
first Texas oil well.
Oil Created many Spin-off Industries
Oil-related spin-off industries: refineries, pipelines,
asphalt, tank cars, ocean-going tankers, harbors,
machine shops, oil and gas lawyers, petroleum
engineering, petroleum geology, oil leasing,
automobiles, roads paved, natural gas,
petrochemicals
Starting as early as 1898, some
locomotives ran on oil instead of coal.
Rotary drills and improved bits made deeper drilling possible
and expanded the industry in 1926 to West Texas.
“HogTown”—
Desdemona, TX.
Environmental problems:
derricks too close
together, fire, health
hazards, water pollution.
Voluntary standards
ignored. After World War I,
the Railroad Commission
enforced regulation.
Beaumont Saloon near
Spindletop, 1901.
By 1928, Texans owned 250,000 motor vehicles,
and businesses that serviced these vehicles would
become a major industry. (p. 248)
Texas Oil Production:
•1896: 1,000 barrels
•1902: 21 million barrels
•1929: 293 million barrels
Nineteenth-century Texans never dreamed
that oil and the state would become
permanently intertwined in myth and
economics. They had considered themselves
as cotton farmers and cattle ranchers, but
Spindletop changed that, ushering Texas into
the twentieth century with a bang and
making the state ultimately different from its
southern neighbors. The History of Texas,
pp. 243-244.
Percentage of
Texans living in
metropolitan
areas:
1900: 17.1%
1939: 41%
In 1913, Dallas acquired one of the twelve
national branches of the Federal Reserve
System and took on the personality of a
major financial and business center.
The Devastation of
Galveston, 1900
City Council Members
Program Description:
As the governing body of the City of
Texarkana, Texas, it is the City Council's
responsibility to represent the best interests
of all citizens in Texarkana, Texas, in
enacting local legislation, in determining
City policies and plans, and in adopting
City's budget.
James W. Bramlett Mayor
Derrick McGary City Council, Ward I
Willie Ray City Council, Ward II
Bill Schubert City Council, Ward III
Bob Bruggeman City Council, Ward IV
Van Alexander City Council, Ward V
Bradley Hardin City Council, Ward VI
Texas cities began to
develop modern amenities.
•Telephone
•Electric lines
•Natural gas
Slightly more than
400,000 Texas
women worked
outside the home in
1930, an increase of
about 25 percent over
1920. (p. 251)
In the 1920s, the
number of women in the
workforce increased.
The increasing number
of white married women
in the workforce
contributed to the
concept of the “New
Woman”: the vibrant
and independent woman
who made her own
decisions, free from
male restrictions and
advice. The History of
Texas, pp. 251-252.
Freedwomen washing laundry, Circleville, Texas
Courtesy, Austin History Center, Austin Public Library
Source: Texas: The South Meets the West, The View Through African American History
in Journal of the West, Vol. 44, No. 2, (Spring 2005). p. 47.
Labor Unions in Texas
Labor Unions never had a strong base in
Texas. Texas State Federation of Labor;
United Mine Workers
Why union membership declined:
1.
Lack of leadership
2.
Hostility of business
3.
Red Scare
4.
Political leadership opposed labor
unions
Open Port Law: prohibited strikes and gave
the governor the authority to intervene
militarily to end strikes.
See pp. 252-253.
Agriculture
“Agriculture remained the major occupation
and source of revenue for Texans into the
1920s. In 1927, for example, the value of
Texas agriculture was three times that of oil
and of manufacturing. And in Texas, cotton
remained king. Texas far outdistanced other
southern states, producing one-third of all
the cotton picked in 1922, a position held
through the end of the decade. No other crop
rivaled cotton in either acreage planted or
value yielded.” See page 253.
However, cotton failed many farmers.
See falling prices on page 254.
Between 1913 and 1920, the cost of living doubled, yet farm
income did not increase. In 1910, 51.7 of Texas farmers were
tenants. In 1930, 61 percent were tenants (50 percent of
whites, 70 percent of blacks).
Dusting cotton for the boll weevil in
NC, 1920s.
Boll Weevil. In 1921, boll
weevils cost Texans one-third
of their crop. (See pp. 253-
254.)
A small, grayish, long-snouted beetle (Anthonomus grandis) of
Mexico and the southern United States, having adults that
puncture cotton buds and larvae that hatch in and damage
cotton bolls.
Source: Excerpted from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third
Edition Copyright, 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
“As late as 1930, the
population was still
classified as 60 percent
rural.”
“The oil boom in the 1920s
ushered in one of the more
prosperous times that most
Texans could recall. Yet as
late as the end of the
1920s, the state seemed
mired in the past;
agriculture still dominated
the economy, and
segregation still defined
race relations.” (Calvert, De
León & Cantrell, p. 243.)
Farm women faced the
greatest hardships in
caring for their families
and doing farm labor. In
1930, a study of white
women: 57% cooked on
wood stoves, 80% used
oil lamps, and 63%
washed clothes on a
washboard. Black
women: 99% used oil
lamps and wood stoves.
1929 less than 5% of
Texas farms had
electricity, less than 8%
indoor plumbing, less
than 15% running water,
60% cars (most roads
were unpaved), 32%
phones.
In 1929, a good picker
earned $4 per day. Yearly
wage of $485.35.
Location: Corpus Christi (vicinity), Texas
Date: November 1942
Mexican cotton pickers helping to save the cotton crop which was
threatened with ruin because of the wartime manpower shortage.
USDA Photo by: Howard Hollum
Blacks were often pressured to work
in the fields during the harvest season.
Location: Kaufman county, Texas
Date: August 1936
Plantation owner's daughter checking the weight of cotton.
USDA Photo by Arthur Rothstein
Texas granted more divorces than any other state from 1922-26
The Farmer’ Union, organized in 1902 in Emory, Texas, grew
into the 140,000-member Farmers’ Education and Cooperative
Union. The union had goals similar to the Farmers’ Alliance.
See p. 260.
The average family size declined from 4.6 in 1910 to 3.5 in 1930.
Many women knew of contraceptive methods and
abortifacients. Children still an economic asset in farm
families. Urban women had fewer children. Foreign-born
women had more children. In 1929, black Texans had a higher
infant mortality rate (25% of black children died within the first
year and shorter life expectancy (white males 59.7, white
females 63.5, black males 47.3, black women 49.2)
Fenced in Ranch
Demonstrating the passing of the Old West, the
number of beef cattle and horses dropped
between 1900 and 1929, while the number of
dairy cows, mules, sheep, and goats increased.
In 1910, the Texas House of
Representatives urged repeal of the
Fifteenth Amendment. Urban blacks
acquired some voting power as city
bosses needed their votes.
Section 1 The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2 The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
In Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
the U. S. Supreme Court ruled
the all-white primary
unconstitutional. In 1928 the
state legislature defined
political parties as "private
organizations" not subject to
federal law. Until 1944 most
black Texans could not vote.
Thousands gathered in Paris, Texas, for the 1893 lynching of Henry Smith.
Spectacle lynching. The Burning and Lynching of
Jesse Washington, Waco Texas 1916.
Although accurate figures on the lynching of blacks are
lacking, one study estimates that in Texas between 1870
and 1900, extralegal justice was responsible for the
murder of about 500 blacks—only Georgia and Mississippi
exceeded Texas’s numbers in this grisly record. Between
1900 and 1910, Texas mobs murdered more than 100
black people. In 1916 at Waco, approximately 10,000
whites turned out in holiday-like atmosphere to watch a
mob mutilate and burn a black man named Jesse
Washington. (Source: Calvert, De Leon and Cantrell, The
History of Texas, pp. 189, 261-262.)
The lynching of
Lige Daniels.
August 3, 1920,
Center, Texas.
A black boxer from
Galveston named
Jack Johnson was
world heavyweight
champion from 1908
to 1915, prompting
the legislature to ban
the showing of films
of his fights.
Blind Lemon Jefferson and Huddie Ledbetter
were pioneers of Texas blues music.
Mutual Aid Society / La Sociedad Mutualista
"Spindletop Viewing Her Gusher" Painting by Aaron Arion