Transcript US History Chapter 4 Power point

U.S. HISTORY CHAPTER 4
Section 1-4
SECTION 1 OVERVIEW
• Main Idea – Disagreements over slavery
heightened regional tensions and led to the
breakup of the Union.
• Why it Matters Now – The modern Democratic and
Republican parties emerged from the tensions of
the mid-19th century
• Key Terms – They will be highlighted in blue
throughout the Power Point.
SECTION ONE
Differences between the North and
the South
• Cultural, economical and
geographical differences
• Southern Plantations
dependency on slavery vs.
Northern Industrialism not
dependent on slavery
• Controversy worsened as more
states were added to the Union.
SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES
Statehood for California
• Due to the gold rush, California
quickly applied for statehood in
December 1850.
• California’s constitution forbade
slavery which angered the
Southerners.
• Congress met to discuss
California’s request as well as
the dispute between Texas and
New Mexico.
• As tensions mounted, threats of
a secession, the formal
withdrawal of a state from the
union, became more frequent.
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
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Henry Clay, U.S Senator developed
a serious of resolutions designed
to stop the mounting tensions,
later named The Compromise of
1850.
To please the North, the
compromise provided that
California be admitted as a free
state and to please the South it
posed a more effective fugitive
slave law.
A provision was included, popular
sovereignty, the right to vote for
or against slavery, for residents of
New Mexico and Utah territories.
After much effort, the
Compromise of 1850 became law.
PROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCE
Fugitive Slave Act
• Alleged fugitive slaves were not
entitled to trial by jury.
• Anyone convicted of helping a
fugitive was liable for a $1000
fine and imprisonment for up to
six months.
• Some Northerners resisted the
act by organizing “vigilante
committees”.
• Name two other ways
Northerners helped (p. 158).
The Underground Railroad
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Free African Americans and white
abolitionists developed a secret
network of people to help hide
fugitive slaves at great personal
risk.
The system of escape routes they
used was called the Underground
Railroad.
“Conductors” was the term used for
the people that helped to hide
fugitives.
PROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCE
• The most famous conductor
was Harriet Tubman.
• She made 19 trips back South
and is said to have helped 300
slaves – including her own
parents – escape to freedom.
• Harriet Beecher Stowe, another
anti-slavery woman, wrote
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which
expressed her lifelong hatred of
slavery. This story stirred
Northern abolitionists to
increase their protests against
the Fugitive Slave Act.
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD, 1850-1860
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Why do the arrows
continue into Canada?
Why do you think the route
from Chicago to Detroit
was over water rather than
land?
What does the
concentration of slaves
along the Mississippi River
tell you about the economy
of the lower Mississippi
Valley?
Use page 159 in your
textbooks
PROTEST, RESISTANCE AND VIOLENCE
Tensions in Kansas and Nebraska
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act became law
in 1854 which gave both states
sovereignty.
• Nebraska abolished slavery and
Kansas put it to a vote. Many “border
ruffians” from the slave state of
Missouri voted illegally and won a
fraudulent majority for proslavery.
• A battle ensued between the
proslavery group and the abolitionists
in 1855. The event earned the name
“Bleeding Kansas”.
• Violence over the issue also erupted
during discussions in the senate.
Congressman Andrew Butler was
struck over the head with a cane by
his nephew after delivering an
impassioned anti-slavery speech and
suffered brain damage.
NEW POLITICAL PARTIES EMERGE
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Slavery divides the Whig party
and the Kansas-Nebraska act
leads to its eventual demise.
This helped to produce a victory
for the democratic candidate
Franklin Pierce in 1854.
Others to emerge: The American
Party (otherwise known as the
Know-Nothings, The Liberty
Party, and the Free-Soil Party)
1854 The New Republican Party
was formed.
The Republicans opposed slavery
and chose as their candidate in
the election John C. Fremont who
lost to the Democratic runner
James Buchanan.
CONFLICTS LEAD TO SECESSION
Dred Scott Decision
• A major Supreme Court decision
was brought about by Dred
Scott, a slave whose owner took
him into a free state and then
back to Missouri, not a free
state.
• The case was in court for years
where finally the Supreme Court
ruled against him because as a
slave he was not considered a
citizen.
• https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=9j3lKSs2ZoA
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• The 1858 race for the US Senate
between Democratic incumbent
Steven Douglas and Republican
Congressman Abraham Lincoln.
• Douglas won the race but the
debates created national
attention on Lincoln and many
considered him an excellent
candidate for President.
• What was the crucial question
Lincoln asked his opponent
during the debates? (p. 163)
CONFLICTS LEAD TO SECESSION
Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown led a general slave
uprising with 21 black and
white men marching into
Harper’s Ferry with the intent of
seizing arsenal.
Lincoln is elected President
• Lincoln opposed slavery but ran
his campaign with the intent
“not to interfere with their
slaves, or with them
[Southerners] , about their
slaves.”
Southern Secession
• Southerners felt they had lost
their voice in the national
government.
• South Carolina, Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana and Texas all met and
formed the Confederacy (Also
known as the Confederate
States of America).
• They drew up their own
constitution that allowed
slavery and elected Jefferson
Davis as president.
CHAPTER 4 SECTION 2 – CIVIL WAR
• Main Idea – Shortly after the nation’s Southern
states seceded from the Union, war began between
the North and the South.
• Why it Matters Now – The nation’s identity was
forged in part by the Civil War. Sectional divisions
remain very strong today.
• Key Terms – Will be listed in blue throughout the
Power Point.
UNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASH
Confederate Soldiers began seizing
federal installations – especially forts.
The most important one was Fort Sumter.
This was the beginning of the deadly
struggle between the North and the
South.
• News of the fall of Fort Sumter united
the North
• The Union and the Confederacy were
unevenly matched.
• The Union had more people, more
factories (to make weapons), more
food and a more extensive railroad
system.
• The Confederacy had “King Cotton”,
first-rate generals and highly
motivated soldiers.
Strategies Used
North
• Blockade southern ports
• Union riverboats would travel
down the Mississippi and divide
the Confederates
• Union armies captured the
Confederate capital at Richmond,
Virginia
South
• Strategy was mostly defensive
although leaders encouraged
generals to attack the North if the
opportunity arose.
UNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASH
The Bull Run
• The area in which the first
bloodshed occurred, 25 miles
from Washington D.C.
• The battle seesawed and at one
point the Confederates held
firm.
• They were inspired by General
Thomas J. Jackson who stood
firm against the Union soldiers
inspiring his nickname
Stonewall Jackson.
• Eventually the Confederates
won their first victory of the
battle at Bull Run.
UNION AND CONFEDERATE FORCES CLASH
Union Armies in the West
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Lincoln responded to the defeat by stepping
up enlistments.
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In February 1862, a Union army invaded
western Tennessee under the direction of
Ulysses S. Grant, a brave, decisive military
commander.
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Grant averted disaster when the Confederates
made a surprise attack near Shiloh,
Tennessee.
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Nearly one-fourth of the 100,000 men who
fought there were killed, wounded or
captured.
The War for the Capitals
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Robert E. Lee, Confederate General, saved the
Confederate capital and pushed the Union
soldiers out of Richmond.
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McClellan, Union general, found out Lee’s plan
of attack and pursued him.
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They battled at a creek called Antietam.
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The clash was the bloodiest battle in
American History with casualties totaling
more than 26,000.
THE POLITICS OF WAR
Southerners believed that dependence on
their cotton would force Great Britain to
recognize the Confederacy as an
independent nation. Britain had obtained a
huge amount of cotton before the war and
chose to remain neutral.
• As the war progressed, Lincoln used his
power to order his troops to seize
enemy resources. Therefore he decided
to use his power to emancipate (free)
the slaves. Thus creating the
Emancipation Proclamation.
• (Read excerpt from pg. 172)
LIFE DURING WARTIME
The war led to social upheaval and political unrest on
both sides. As the fighting intensified many soldiers
deserted their posts which led to both sides imposing
conscription, a draft that forced men to serve in the
army.
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African Americans fought for the Union (180,000
soldiers) but suffered discrimination.
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Both sides suffered with unhealthy conditions,
limited food and inadequate medical care.
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Most soldiers lived amid heaps of rubbish and
open latrines.
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Body lice, dysentery and diarrhea were common.
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Some 3,000 women served as Union army nurses,
including Clara Barton, who went on to found the
American Red Cross after the battle.
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The war expanded the North’s economy and
shattered the South’s.
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As the Northern economy grew the government
decided to help pay for the war through the
nation’s first income tax, a tax that takes a
percentage of a person’s income.
CHAPTER 4 SECTION 3 – THE NORTH TAKES
CHARGE
• Main Idea – After four years of bloody fighting the
Union wore down the Confederacy and won the
war.
• Why it Matters – The Union victory confirmed the
authority of the federal government over the
states.
• Key Terms – Will be listed in blue throughout the
Power Point.
THE TIDE TURNS
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In 1863 the South army had
defeated the North at
Fredericksburg, Virginia and then
again in Chancellorsville, Virginia.
General Stonewall was accidentally
shot in the left arm and
consequently it had to be
amputated. He later caught
pneumonia and died on May 10th.
Despite Stonewall’s death, Lee
(Confederate General) decided to
invade the North and pushed his
troops across the Potomac River
and into Pennsylvania.
THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
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The most decisive battle of the war was
fought at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Confederate soldiers encountered several
brigades of Union Calvary under the
command of John Buford.
By the end of the first day of fighting,
90,000 Union troops under the command
of General George Meade had taken the
field against 75,000 Confederates, led by
General Lee.
The second day of battle, the Confederates
had driven the Union soldiers from
Gettysburg.
Lee decided to try and invade the North’s
line but was unsuccessful against the
barrage of firing and gave up any hopes of
conquering Northern territory.
The three day battle produced a staggering
loss. 23,000 Union men and 28,000
Confederates were killed.
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In November 1863, a ceremony was
held to dedicate a cemetery in
Gettysburg.
President Lincoln spoke for less than
two minutes but his Gettysburg
Address “remade America”.
Audio:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
BvA0J_2ZpIQ
GRANT WINS AT VICKSBURG
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While Meade’s army was destroying
Confederate hope in Gettysburg,
Union General Ulysses S. Grant fought
to take Vicksburg, one of two
remaining strongholds of the
Confederates.
This would have been an important
victory because Vicksburg rested on
bluffs on the river from which guns
could control all water traffic.
Grant ordered two frontal attacks that
were unsuccessful and then decided
to set up a siege. The barrage of
artillery fire forced residents into
caves that they dug out of clay
hillsides.
After food supplies ran out and
people resorted to eating dogs, the
Confederate Army asked Grant for
terms of surrender.
THE CONFEDERACY WEARS DOWN
Total War
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Grant was appointed Commander of all Union
armies and in return he appointed William
Sherman commander of the military division
of the Mississippi.
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Both men believed in “total war” which meant
that they wanted to destroy the Southern
population’s will to fight.
Sherman’s March
In the spring of 1864 Sherman marched his
soldier’s through Georgia to the sea, burning and
destroying everything in his path.
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He was determined to make Southerner’s “so
sick of war that generations would pass away
before they would again appeal to it.”
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By mid-November hid troops, including
25,000 former slaves burned down most of
Atlanta and had reached the sea.
The Election of 1864
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Lincoln was pessimistic about his chances of
re-election but news of General Sherman’s
victories inspired the North and helped he
him to win.
The Surrender at Appomattox
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On April 3, 1865 Union troops conquered
Richmond, the Confederate capital.
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In a Virginia town called Appomattox Court
House, Lee and Grant met to arrange a
Confederate surrender.
THE WAR CHANGES THE NATION
The war caused tremendous political,
emotional, technological and social change in
the United States.
• 360,000 Union Soldiers were killed
• 260,000 Confederate Soldiers were
killed.
• Nearly as many American deaths as in
all other American wars combined.
• Increased the federal governments
power and authority
• The war cost a combined 3.3 billion
dollars.
• Technological advances included
improvements in the rifle and the minie
ball, a soft lead bullet that was more
destructive than earlier bullets as well
as ironclad ships that could ram wood
boats and splinter them.
THE WAR CHANGES LIVES
The Thirteenth Amendment
• The President believed that the only
solution to freeing ALL slaves was a
constitutional amendment abolishing
slavery.
• It was ratified at the end of 1865 and
stated “Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for a
crime whereof the party shall be duly
convicted, shall exist within the United
States.”
• Whatever further plans Lincoln had to
reunify the nation he was never able to
implement them.
Lincoln is Assassinated
• On April 14, 1865, five days after the
surrender at Appomattox, Lincoln was
attending a play with his wife and was
shot in the back of the head by James
Wilkes Booth, a 26 year-old actor and
Southern sympathizer.
• Lincoln, who never regained
consciousness, died on April 15th.
• 12 days later Booth was caught by
Union soldiers and was shot to death.
• President Lincoln’s funeral train took 14
days to arrive at his hometown of
Springfield, Illinois.
• Approximately 7 million Americans
turned out to mourn publicly their
martyred leader.
SECTION 4 – RECONSTRUCTION AND ITS
EFFECTS
• Main Idea – After the Civil War, the nation
embarked on a period known as Reconstruction
during which attempts were made to readmit the
South to the Union.
• Why it Matters Now – The 14h and 15th
Amendments, passed as part of Reconstruction,
gave civil rights to Americans of all races.
• Key terms will be listed in blue.
THE POLITICS OF RECONSTRUCTION
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Reconstruction is the time period
during which the United States
began to rebuild after the Civil War.
Lincoln wanted to be lenient
towards the South so he announced
his Proclamation of Amnesty which
pardoned all Confederates except
high ranking officials and those
accused of crimes against war.
This angered a minority of
republicans known as the Radical
Republicans. They wanted to
destroy the political power of
former slave owners and wanted
full citizenship granted to African
Americans.
Johnson’s Plan
• Andrew Johnson’s plan differed
from Lincoln’s only because he
wanted to block high-ranking
Confederates and wealthy Southern
landowners from taking the oath
needed to have voting privileges.
• The seven remaining exConfederate states quickly agreed
to Johnson’s terms.
• In 1866 congress voted to enlarge
the Freedman’s Bureau and passed
the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
• However, Johnson shocked
everyone by vetoing both.
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
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Angered by Johnson’s actions,
congress worked together to lessen
the strength of the Executive
Branch (the President) and
strengthen the Legislative Branch
(congress).
They passed the 14th Amendment,
which “prevented states from
denying rights and privileges to any
U.S. citizen, now defined as “all
persons born or naturalized in the
United States.”
The House impeached Johnson but
he remained in office after the
Senate voted not to convict.
RECONSTRUCTION
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In the 1868 presidential election,
the Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant
narrowly won. However, 90% of the
African Americans that vote chose
Grant.
After the election, the Radicals
introduced the Fifteenth
Amendment, which states that no
one can be kept from voting
because of “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude” which was
ratified in 1870.
Politics in Postwar South
• Three groups made up the
Republican party in the South:
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Scalawags – white Southerners who
owned smaller farms
Carpetbaggers – Northerners who
moved to the South after the war.
African Americans
The groups had differing goals
which led to a lack of unity. In
addition, many white Southerners
refused to accept the idea of equal
rights.
RECONSTRUCTION
Former Slaves Improve their Lives
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Founded their own churches
African American ministers
emerged as influential community
leaders.
Educational opportunities opened
up (95% of former slaves were
illiterate)
Reunited with family members
Found jobs in the South
For the first time they were able to
hold political offices.
Hiram Revels was the first African
American senator.
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However most white property
owners in the South did not want to
redistribute land to allow for exslaves to own property.
Therefore a system of
sharecropping, division of land to
allow for growing crops, emerged
between poor whites and African
Americans.
THE COLLAPSE OF RECONSTRUCTION
Opposition to Reconstruction
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Many white southerners resented
African American suffrage and political
involvement.
Most notorious group was the Ku Klux
Klan. Their goals were to destroy the
Republican Party, throw out their
government and prevent African
Americans from exercising their
political rights.
They killed approximately 20,000 men,
women and children.
Congress passed a series of reform acts
to curtail the violence.
Democrats regained power in the
congress due to the division of the
Republican party.
Support for Reconstruction Fades
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The breakdown of the Republican party
made it harder for the Radicals to
continue the Reconstruction plan.
In addition, a series of bank failures put
the country into a five year recession.
Democrats took advantage of this
difficult time and were able to win the
election of 1876 with their candidate
Rutherford B. Hayes.
Reconstruction ended without much
real progress in the battle against
discrimination.
However, the 13th, 14th and 15th
Amendments provided the necessary
constitutional foundation for important
civil rights in the future.