Transcript The Civil War

THE CIVIL WAR
CH. 11 Notes
Thoughts..

Describe the Northern plan for winning the war.

What war strategy did Jefferson Davis develop for the South?
The Confederacy
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9m people in 11 states; 1/3
enslaved
21k factories; 111k workers
~1m soldiers
9k miles RR
Plenty of food
7/8 military colleges
Fighting on own soil for way of
life
The Union
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19m people in 23 states
101k factories; 1.1m workers
2.6m soldiers
20k miles RR
Controls navy
Unfamiliar territory for
preserving the nation
North v. South
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19m people in 23 states
101k factories; 1.1m workers
2.6m soldiers
20k miles RR
Controls navy
Unfamiliar territory for
preserving the nation
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9m people in 11 states; 1/3
enslaved
21k factories; 111k workers
~1m soldiers
9k miles RR
Plenty of food
7/8 military colleges
Fighting on own soil for way of
life
The Civil War
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European wars:
Small, disciplined army
 Limited goals
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Civil War:
Massive armies
 Mostly civilians
 Large amounts of supplies

Modern War
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Most officers
 Organize
in tight columns
 March at enemy
 Use bayonets to inflict damage
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Modern tactics
 Cone-shaped
bullets
 More accurate
 Use trenches/barricades
Modern War
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High casualties
Attrition is key
Wearing away of other forces/supplies
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North higher population
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 Make
more supplies
 Replace wounded
Davis and the South
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Similar to Revolutionary War
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Choose battles carefully
 Attack/retreat
 Avoid
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high casualties
Make Union spend resources
Tire them out
Southern Response
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Furious
Southerners feel they’re superior fighters

Plan changes
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 Troops
go on offensive
 Lose too many
“The idea of waiting for blows, instead of inflicting them, is altogether unsuited to the genius
of our people.” –Richmond Examiner, 1861
Northern Plan
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Lincoln wants:
 Quick
victories
 Ruin Southern morale
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Realizes:
 Must
destroy Confederate army
Anaconda Plan
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Winfield Scott
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Blockade ports
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Cut off shipping to and from
interior
Divide Confederacy
Isolate from foreign aid
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Cut off supplies
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Control Mississippi R with navy
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Capture New Orleans,
Vicksburg, Memphis
Exhaust Southern resources
Thoughts..

Describe the Northern plan for winning the war.

What war strategy did Jefferson Davis develop for the South?
EARLY BATTLES AND POLITICAL
UNREST
Battle Name,
Location, Date
Important People
USA Forces
USA
Casualties
CSA Forces
CSA
Casualties
First Bull Run
McDowell (Union),
Johnston, PGT, Jackson
28,450
2,896
32,230
1,982
Shiloh
Carlos Buell, US
Grant(U), PGT (C)
65,085
13,047
44,968
10,669
USA
US control of
Tennessee
8,000
No
Winner
Large losses,
few
replacements
Seven Pines
McClellan, Johnston
40,000
5,700
40,000
Winner
Impact
Confeder Long war, new
acy
Union leader
Battle Name,
Location, Date
Important People
USA Forces
USA
Casualties
CSA Forces
CSA
Casualties
Winner
Impact
Chattanooga
Grant, Bragg
56,000
5,800
44,010
6,670
Union
Pocket of CSA
under control;
Sherman’s
march
Seven Days
Lee, McClellan,
Jackson
100,000
16,000
92,000
20,000
Confederac
y
Union pushed
out of VA
2nd Bull Run
John Pope (U),
Robert E. Lee
70,000
13,824
55,000
8,353
Confederac
y
USA failing;
CSA in MD
Key Thoughts

Explain why England remained neutral
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Identify political problems facing the USA and CSA
Battle of Hampton Roads
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Key water way in Virginia
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CSS Virginia is an ironclad war ship
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Rams 2 Union ships and sinks them
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Monitor v. CSS Virginia (Merrimack)
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First naval battle with steam powered, iron
ships
America and Europe
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Union want to prevent
interference
Confederates want help
 British,
French
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Recognize Confederacy
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Declare blockade illegal
America and Europe
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May 1861
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French agree if British will also
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British don’t want war with U.S.
Confederacy need victories
The Trent Affair
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Confederate diplomats pass
blockadeCuba
Board the Trent
Trent intercepted by union ship
North happy
British furious
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Move troops into Canada
Lincoln lets them go
Divided Loyalty Causes Problems
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Not everyone supports region
Both Presidents suspend habeas
corpus
Lincoln ignores Supreme Court
ruling
Huge casualties lead to
conscription
Draft Laws
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Confederacy
Able bodied white men 18-35
 Could hire substitutes to take place
 “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s
fight
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Union
White men 20-45
 $300 fee could avoid service
 46,000 draftees enter military
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1863 Draft Riots
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NYC has huge poor population
in 1863
Most are factory workers
Afraid of being replaced by
former slaves
4 day riot leaving +100 dead
EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION AND AFRICAN
AMERICAN SOLDIERS
When to Proclaim Emancipation?
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Too early, border states rebel
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Order while losing and you look desperate
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Need a convincing Union victory
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Antietam provides that victory
Abolishing Slavery
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The EP technically doesn’t free anyone
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Southerners are part of the CSA
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Lincoln acting as commander in chief suppressing a rebellion
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Slaves build fortifications in the South; abolishing slavery is a military
tactic
Abolishing Slavery
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Applies only to areas behind Confederate lines
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Doesn’t apply to Southern areas already occupied by Union
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Doesn’t apply to slave states that hadn’t seceded
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Taking action here is not suppressing rebellion; Supreme Court can
step in and rule unconstitutional
Changing the War
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Poor southern whites fighting to
protect wealthy
Slaves begin to leave plantations
for the North
France and England no longer
help Confederacy
Changes fight from maintaining
union to abolishing slavery
African Americans in the War
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Many volunteer at beginning of war
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Not permitted to bear arms b/c a law from 1792
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Lincoln sees accepting these men early may push border states to
rebellion
Massachusetts, Tennessee, and SC establish all-black regiments in
1863
Militia Act 1862
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Allows African Americans to join military
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Paid $10/month with $3 uniform deduction
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White soldiers paid $13/month w/ no deduction
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Segregated units commanded by white officers
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179,000 soldiers join
African-American Units
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Confederacy threatens lives of Af.
Americans fighting
Also white commanders leading
them
Battle of Fort Pillow
Confederacy led by Nathaniel
Bedford Forrest
 Union garrison of ~600 men suffers
+550 casualties
 Over half are black; reports differ
on events
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African-American Units
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54th Massachusetts is most famous
regiments
Lead by Robert Gould Shaw
Blacks come from all of North
America to join
Allowed to do very little fighting
early on
Fort Wagner
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Shaw leads 600 men in attack of the fort
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1,700 Confederates waiting inside
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Almost 300 casualties suffered
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54th are defeated but do enough damage to hurt Confederates
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Conf. leave fort soon after
Black Soldiers in the Conf. Army
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Service in the Conf. Army done
by slaves either sold into
service or serving their masters
If a master was killed, slave
was given his things to take
back to the family
Tens of thousands serve;
willingly or otherwise
Black Soldiers in the Conf. Army
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State militias of free blacks offered to Conf. in 1863 but refused
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Jan 1864 suggestions are made to arm slaves
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Not until 1865 legislation passes to accept blacks
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Would free them from slavery but had to have permission from
masters to join army
Experiences of Black Soldiers
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The Civil War in 4 Minutes: Black Soldiers
LIFE DURING THE WAR AND
CIVIL WAR MEDICINE
Southern Economy
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Food shortage in South:
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Very few men not involved in the fighting
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Union occupying food-producing areas
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Slaves escaping into North after Emancipation Proclamation
Southern Economy
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Mid-1863, citizens spending +10x the amount on food as 1861
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Bread riots throughout the South
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Blockading of ports leads to further shortages
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Some resort to smuggling cotton to North for food, gold, etc.
Northern Economy
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Cotton industry declines
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Wool, steel, coal, guns, and shoe industries all boom
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Reduction in labor forces farmers to buy labor-saving machines
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Success of owners is not matched with employee wages
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Striking employees replaced by free blacks, immigrants, etc.
Northern Economy
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Companies with military contracts take advantage
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Uniforms and blankets that fall apart in rain
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Spoiled meat passed off as fresh
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Price for guns doubles
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1863-Congress authorizes first income tax
Life on the Front Lines
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No garbage cans or bathrooms in camps
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Required to wash hands/face daily, take a bath 1/week
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Lice, dysentery, typhoid fever very prevalent
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Union troops survive on bacon and hardtack
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Conf. troops eat stew made from bacon grease
Civil War Medicine
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Imagine:
You are in PE, your feet get tangled up with a friends, you both fall and skin up
your hands and knees
You both go to the nurse the next day to get help b/c your wounds seem to be
infected and are starting to ooze..
The nurse doesn’t think your injuries are bad however, and feels these are in fact
good signs
Since your friends wound seems to be a little farther along than yours, the nurse
takes a cotton swab and swipes your friends wound and then places the same
swab on your knee.. to speed up your “recovery process”
Doctors in the war
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Union has 98 doctors registered
Confederacy has 24
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Each side is willing to accept anyone who claims to be a physician
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Most “doctors” are given a military surgery manual and operate based on
this
No understanding of germs or how they were carried and spread
Quote from a Dr.’s assistant
“It was common to see a doctor with his sleeves rolled up to his elbows, his
bare arms as well as his linen apron smeared with blood and his
knife…held between his teeth”
Amputations
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174,000 wounds to arms or legs
30,000 resulted in amputations
48 hour delay in amputation could result in blood poisoning, bone infection,
etc.
Proximity to body effects survival chances
14% of people shot in the forearm die
 88% of people shot in upper leg/hip die
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“Immediate” Attention
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Try to stop bleeding in medical center close to battle
If bleeding won’t stop, tourniquet applied; limb had to be amputated
Operating table often a barn door on barrels or similar
Operating table rarely cleaned
William Blackford,
st
1
Virginia Cavalry
“Tables about breast high had been erected upon which screaming victims
were having legs and arms cut off..the surgeons and their assistants,
stripped to the waist and bespattered with blood, stood around, some
holding poor fellows while others, armed with long, bloody knives and saws,
cut and sawed away with frightful rapidity, throwing mangled limbs on a
pile nearby as soon as removed..”
After surgery
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Moved by ambulance to a
hospital away from fighting
Taken by wagon or train with no
water provided or medicine to
ease pain
Infection is #1 cause of death
after surgery
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Tetanus, gangrene, pyaemia
Clara Barton
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“Angel of the Battlefield”
1864 becomes superintendent of
nurses
Goes to Europe after the war
Organizes International Red Cross in
1881
Odds for survival
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Colonel Abner Morgan is a wounded Confederate cavalry officer. He was
shot through the left leg, wounding his horse as well. The wounded leg was
shot through the calf. He is bleeding very heavily.
Private Frank Weaver is from the 129th Pennsylvania. He was wounded
with a bullet piercing his abdomen. It entered the left front and shot through
to the back.
Private Clark Hannah is from the 87th Indiana. He was wounded in the right
leg, in the thigh, just below the hip.
Battle Name,
Location,
Date
Important
People
Joseph Hooker
(U),
R.E. Lee (C)
Chancellors-ville
Stonewall
Gettysburg
Siege of
Vicksburg
George
Meade (U),
R.E. Lee (C)
USA Forces
USA
Casualties
CSA Forces
CSA
Casualties
Winner
Import-ance
97,000
17,000
57,00
13,500
CSA
CSA victory;
Jackson death
94,000
23,000
71,700
28,000
USA
Large casualty
count; Long
retreat for
CSA
5,000
33,000
32,500
USA
Huge CSA
casulaties,
MS River in
USA control
U.S. Grant (U), 77,000
John C.
Pemberton (C)
Battle Name,
Location,
Date
Important
People
USA Forces
USA
Casualties
CSA Forces
CSA
Casualties
Winner
Import-ance
U.S. Grant,
R.E. Lee
102,000
18,500
61,000
11,400
Inconclusive
Improved USA
morale
U.S. Grant,
R.E. Lee
100,000
18,000
52,000
12,000
Inconclusive
Continued
head to head
battles;
casualties
mounting
1,500
Union
Port of Mobile
captured
Wilderness
Spotsyl-vania
Mobile Bay
David G.
Farragut (U),
Franklin
Buchanan (C)
300
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A) Compare the cartoonist’s depictions of General Grant and General Lee.
B) Compare the image of President Lincoln with that of Jefferson Davis.
C) Judging by these illustrations, what is the cartoonist’s point of view?
This political cartoon was published about three months before the 1864
presidential election. How does the cartoon help us understand the
campaign positions of George B. McClellan and Abraham Lincoln?
Use the visual clues in the cartoon to explain how the cartoonist expected
the Civil War to eventually end.
ENDING THE WAR
Objectives

Summarize the final events of the war leading to surrender at
Appomattox
Andersonville Prison
Andersonville
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Prison opened in February 1864
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Exchange system breaks down between North and South
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# of prisoners begin to pile up; 400/day
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August: 33,000 men in an area meant for 10,000
Andersonville
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Confederate govt. cannot feed
and care for all these men
Captain Henry Wirz, head of
prison
Only person executed for war
crimes in Civil War
Siege of Petersburg
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Last RR connecting to Richmond
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City protection
20 ft thick barricade
 15ft deep trenches
 Cannons
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Lays siege to city
Sherman’s March to the Sea
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March to the Sea
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Want to demoralize Southerners
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Destroyed anything of military value
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Live off land; take whatever is necessary
Sherman’s March to the Sea
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Moves into South Carolina
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“Here is where treason began, and here is where it shall end”
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Pillage anything and everything
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“Our army is demoralized and the people panic stricken…to fight longer
seems madness.”
Election of 1864
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Lincoln vs. Gen. George McClellan
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McClellan promises to stop fighting; negotiate
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Atlanta captured just before election
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Lincoln wins 55% of votes
Grant Heads South
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Trying to end war
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Willing to keep pushing even if losing men
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Fighting continued from day to day
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Loses 7,000 men at Cold Harbor
South Surrenders
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Lee v. Grant at Battle of Five Forks
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South retreating
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Cut off by Union cavalry
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Blocked at Appomattox Courthouse
South Surrenders
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Lee surrenders all troops
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No treason for Confederates

Allowed to take horses, go home