Transcript PowerPoint for Unit 5 File

Chapter 14
The Impending Crisis
Arguments over slavery in the new
territories:
• After the war with Mexico, American
politicians became consumed with the issue of
whether territories won from Mexico should
permit or prohibit slavery
• Many northerners believed that if slavery
were allowed in Texas and other parts of the
West, wealthy plantation owners would buy
up all the land and leave little for less-affluent
farmers.
• Even though many
northern Democrats
were opposed to
slavery, they were as
racist as southern
whites
• Wilmot Proviso
would prohibit
slavery in any new
territory that the US
got from Mexico –
did not pass
Presidential Election of 1848
• Lewis Cass (D)
proposed popular
sovereignty for the
new territories (let
the settlers in the
territories decide
whether they wanted
slavery or not
• Zachary Taylor (W)
won the election – no
mention of slavery
Free Soil Party
• In August 1848 at Buffalo, New York, a meeting of anti-slavery
members of the Whig Party and the Liberty Party established
the Free-Soil Party. The new party opposed the extension of
slavery into the western territories. The main slogan of the
party was "free soil, free speech, free labour, and free men".
m
In the 1848 presidential election, Martin Van Buren, the
party's candidate, polled 10 per cent of the vote. He split the
traditional Democratic support and enabled the Whig
candidate, Zachary Taylor, to win.
l
By 1852 the Free-Soil Party had 12 congressmen but in
presidential election, John P. Hale won over 5 per cent of the
vote. Two years later, remaining members joined the
Republican Party.
California
• Major question was whether California would
come in as a slave state or free state
• Zachary Taylor hoped to simply bypass the
slavery issue by granting immediate statehood
to California and New Mexico without
specifying whether they were free or slave
states.
Compromise of 1850
• 5-part bill proposed by Henry Clay, which
outlined specific arrangements that
accommodated both anti-slavery northerners
and slave-owning southerners
Compromise of 1850
• California would be admitted to the Union as
a free state
• Remaining land gained from Mexico would be
divided into two new territories, New Mexico
and Utah – open to slavery as territories –
would choose (popular sovereignty) when
they became states
• Slave auctions in DC, not slavery, would be
banned
• Texas would receive $10 million in compensation
for not bothering NM
• New and tougher Fugitive Slave Act
• President Taylor dies
• Stephen Douglas takes the bill, divides it into 5
parts and gets it passed
Personal Liberty Laws
• Passed by northern states
• Designed to protect escaped slaves who made
it into the North
Transcontinental Railroad
• 1854 – issue of slavery brought up again
• Douglas wants new territories created in the
northern part of the Louisiana Purchase
• South resisted because they thought they
might end up as free states
Kansas –Nebraska Act
• Two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska,
status of slavery open, to be decided by
popular sovereignty
• Nullified the Missouri Compromise
• Two direct results
1. Contributed to the demise of the Whig Party
2. Sparked a race to populate Kansas
Know-Nothing Party
• American Party
– Outgrowth of a secret society called the Order of
the Star-Spangled Banner, whose members
answered all inquiries about the Order with “I
know nothing.”
– American Party came to be known as the KnowNothing Party
– Wanted tougher laws dealing with immigration
– Members disillusioned when the party failed to
achieve its goals
The Republican Party
• Main goal was to prevent any further
expansion of slavery in the West
– Know-Nothings
– Whigs
– Free Soilers
– Anti-slavery groups
• Sectional party – drew most of its strength
from the North
Bleeding Kansas
• As settlers in Kansas prepared to hold an election
to set up their territorial government, both slave
and anti-slavery groups sent people to Kansas to
be able to vote and Kansas became a bitterly
divided territory
• Many from Missouri crossed over and voted in
Kansas (2,900 registered voters, but over 6,000
ballots cast)
• New pro-slavery government set out to crush the
opposition
• Anti-slavery group set up their own government
in Topeka – Kansas had two governments
• President Pierce sided with the pro-slavery group
• Opponents of Pierce called him a “dough face” –
a derisive name for a northerner who openly
supported the South
• Pottowatomie Creek – John Brown butchered 5
pro-slavery advocates (Kansas was bleeding)
• State Constitution (Lecompton Constitution)
allowed slavery in Kansas
• Congress did not accept the constitution and sent
it back to the sate – in the end the people voted
against slavery
Senator Charles Sumner
• Beaten by Preston Brooks (South Carolina
member of the House) over his speech that
blamed slavery for the violence between the
pro and anti-slavery activists in Kansas (The
Crime Against Kansas)
Election of 1856
Dred Scott v Sanford (1856)
• Blacks were not citizens
• Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
• Congress did not have the right to prohibit
slavery anywhere in the United States
• pro-slavery people pleased
• Republicans outraged
John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown envisioned that, after seizing the
armory, he would rally the slaves in the
surrounding area to join him in a revolt
against their oppressors
John Brown
1860 Election
South Carolina
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South Carolina Secession Ordinance
AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State of South Carolina and
other States united with her under the compact entitled "The Constitution of the
United States of America."
We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do
declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance
adopted by us in convention on the twenty-third day of May, in the year of our
Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of
the United States of America
The South Carolina Congressional Delegation December 1860.
was ratified, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly of this
State ratifying amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed; and that
the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States, under the
name of the "United States of America," is hereby dissolved.
Done at Charleston the twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty.
• First state to secede from the Union
February 7, 1861
• The Confederate States of America was
established.
The Stars and Bars
First Flag of the
Confederacy
Jefferson
Davis
President of the
Confederate States of
America
Crittenden Compromise
• Last ditch effort at reconciliation
• Proposed extending the MO Compromise all
the way to the Pacific
• Not passed
Fort Sumter
• First battle of the Civil War?
• April 12-13, 1861
• Fort surrenders
Lincoln’s Reaction
• Calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down
southern rebellion
• Upper South (VA, TN, NC, AR) secede
Chapter 15
The Civil War
War
• Northerners and southerners predicted that
the war would not change their societies very
dramatically
Northern Advantages
• Larger population
• Greater industrial strength
• Superior political leadership
Southern Advantages
• Fighting a defensive war
• Superior military leadership
• Will to fight
Battle of Manassas / Battle of Bull Run
• Because of the
casualties, both sides
realized that the war
would not be brief
• Two names because
the North names
battles after nearby
creeks or rivers and
the South named
them after nearby
towns
Goal of Union Army
• Occupy southern territory and defeat the
Confederate army – not aiming to subjugate
the southern people
New Orleans
• Taking of New Orleans significant because it
opened the Mississippi River valley to invasion
from the south
Ironclad Ships
• Showed that the world was entering a new
phase of military technology
Reason for High Casualty Rates
• New technology / old tactics
Ulysses S. Grant
• Union general
victorious in
the West
Battle of Shiloh
• Shocked the nation with the number of
casualties (exceeded the losses in the
Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the
Mexican-American War combined)
General George B. McClellan
• Original commander of the Union’s Army of
the Potomac
• Biggest problem was his insecurity and in
being overly cautious
• Replace by General John Pope, who was
replaced by McClellan
Robert E. Lee
• Replaced General Joseph Johnson as the head
of the Northern Army of Virginia
• Ironic that Jefferson Davis found it necessary
to concentrate power under a centralized
authority since one of the principle reasons
for southern secession was defending the
rights of states over the rights of the national
government
Raising An Army
• South
• Draft (18-35)
– Exemptions could be purchased, traded in return for supplying
a substitute, or simply granted to wealthy landholders who
owned 20 or more slaves
– 20 Negro Law – designed to keep the planters producing their
cotton
• Volunteers
• Occupational exemptions
• North
– Draft (20-45)
• Could pay $300
• Get a substitute
– volunteer
• Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight
Dissent
• Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus –
this enabled Union soldiers to arrest any
northern civilians suspected of disloyalty and
imprison them without benefit of a trial
• Davis did the same in the South, but not on
his own. He sought approval from the
Confederate Congress
Raising Funds for the War
• North
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–
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Raise tariffs
Income tax
Other taxes
Selling war bonds (five-twenties)
• South
– Printed more and more money (inflation)
– Income tax
– Impressment (authorized armies to seize food,
supplies, and even slaves for use in the war effort)
Copperheads
• Northern Democrats who refused to support
the war
Violent Protest in the North
• New York Draft Riot
Riots in the South
• Food riot in Richmond Virginia
– April 1863, 300 women and children took to the
streets and stole the items they needed
• Jefferson Davis’ actions that hurt him with his
constituents
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Made no attempt to provide government assistance
Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus
Conscription
impressments
Border States
Missouri
Slaves
• Contraband - Treating runaway slaves as
smuggle goods, refusing to return them to
their owners
• Confiscation Act – officially declared that any
slaves used for military purposes would be
freed if they came into Union hands
Lincoln’s Preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation
• Issued after Battle of Antietam
• All slaves within rebel territory would be freed
on January 1, 1863, unless southern states
returned to the Union
• Bloodiest battle of the Civil War (more
Americans died on that day than in the history
of the US)
Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863
• Freed slaves in areas that were in rebellion
Fort Pillow Massacre
• Confederate soldiers massacred most of an
African American regiment who may have
been attempting to surrender at Fort Pillow,
Tennessee
Gettysburg
• Turning point of the Civil War
• Lee’s big mistake was Picket’s charge into the
middle of the Union lines
Battle of Vicksburg
• Grant won
• Severed the Confederacy into eastern and
western halves
1864 Presidential Election
13th Amendment
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Showed how much
the war had
changed since 1861
• Started with
strategy of limited
war – turned into
total war
Surrender
• Appomattox Court House, Virginia
Reasons for Northern Victory
• North had integrated the breakthroughs of the
Market Revolution better than the South had
• Union had more men
• Lincoln garnered more widespread support for
the war than did Jefferson Davis
Chapter 16
Reconstruction
Northern politicians were able to
pass many of the laws southerners
had long resisted during and
shortly after the war because the
South had no representation in
Congress.
Pragmatism
• New philosophy based on practicality that
appeared in the war’s aftermath
Reconstruction
• The federal government’s attempts to resolve
the issues resulting from the end of the Civil
War
• 1865-1877
Freed Women Slaves
• Women began to work as domestics rather
than as field hands
African Americans in the South
Demonstrate their Freedom
• Purchasing firearms
• Owning dogs
• Traveled around the countryside, often
searching for family members
• Holding large gatherings
Freedman’s Bureau
• Government agency designed to create a
news social order by government mandate
• Provided freedmen with education, food,
medical care, and access to the justice system
• Greatest success was in establishing schools
for blacks
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Ten Percent Plan
– Offered amnesty to any southerner who
proclaimed loyalty to the Union and support of
the emancipation of slaves
– When 10% of a state’s voters in the election of
1860 had taken to oath to the United States, they
could develop a new state government, which
would be required to abolish slavery
Wade-Davis Bill
• Would have allowed a southern states back
into the Union only after 50% of the
population had taken the loyalty oath
• Would have to take a second “iron clad oath”
saying they had never voluntarily aided or
abetted the rebellion
• Lincoln vetoed the bill
Lincoln Assassinated
• Ford’s theater
• John Wilkes Booth (killed by a soldier while
trying to escape from a burning barn
Lincoln succeeded by Andrew Johnson
as President
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Created a tough loyalty oath that many
southerners cold take in order to receive a
pardon for their participation in the Civil War
• Confederate leaders and wealthy planters
could appeal directly to Johnson for a pardon
• it disenfranchised all former military and civil
officers of the Confederacy and all those who
owned property worth $20,000 or more and
made their estates liable to confiscation.
Black Codes (Jim Crow Laws)
• series of statutes passed by the ex-Confederate
states, 1865–66, dealing with the status of the
newly freed slaves. They varied greatly from state
to state as to their harshness and restrictiveness.
Although the codes granted certain basic civil
rights to blacks (the right to marry, to own
personal property, and to sue in court), they also
provided for the segregation of public facilities
and placed severe restrictions on the freedman's
status as a free laborer, his right to own real
estate, and his right to testify in court.
Radical Republicans
• Wing of the Republican Party most hostile to
slavery
• Opposed Lincoln’s plans fiercely
• Considered Lincoln’s lenient Reconstruction
program outrageous
Civil Rights Bill
• Designed to counteract the South’s new black
codes
• Lincoln vetoed the bill
• The first law ever passed over presidential
veto
14th Amendment
• Definition of citizenship (gave blacks
citizenship)
• Tennessee approved it and was the first
Confederate state to reenter the Union
• All the other Confederate states rejected it
Military Reconstruction Act
• With the exception of Tennessee, divided the
former rebel states into five military districts
• Military commander took control of state
governments
• Federal soldiers enforced the law and kept order
• Requirements to reenter the Union more
stringent
• Second Reconstruction Act
• Johnson vetoed all, but was overridden by Radical
Republicans
Tenure of Office Act
• Required the president to obtain the consent
of the Senate before removing any appointed
government official from office
• Johnson vetoed it but it was overrridden
Johnson’s Impeachment
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Johnson fired Secretary of War Stanton
Congress refused to authorize the firing
Johnson ordered him to resign
House drew up charges of impeachment (11)
Senate found him not guilty by one vote
1868 Presidential Election
15th Amendment
• Granted black males the right to vote
• Prohibited any state from denying citizens the
right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or
previous condition of servitude
• Word male in the Constitution for the first time
• Magazine The Agitator used by activist women to
push for reform of marriage laws, changes in
inheritance laws, and giving women the right to
vote.
Two developments that revolutionized
the lives of American women in this
period:
1. Typewriter was invented in the 1860s –
created a number of office jobs that opened
up to women
2. Proliferation of women’s clubs and voluntary
associations – created a network of women
who were interested in the dynamics of the
changing American society
Black Voters
• Ensured that Republicans would dominated all
of the new state governments in the south
• South Carolina – the only state where a black
judge served in the state supreme court
• Carpetbagger: northern-born whites who
moved to the south – many elected to office
• Scalawag: southern-born white Republicans
Southern Republican Successes
• Founded first public schools in the south
• More rights and privileges for agricultural
workers
• Began internal improvements
• Developed a system of antidiscrimination
measures
Sharecropping
• System in which a family farmed a plot of land
owned by someone else and shared the crop
yield with the owner
Ulysses S. Grant
• Administration noted for the number of
scandals in the government
– Crédit Mobilier
– Black Friday
– The Whiskey Ring
– The Indian Ring
Civil Rights Act of 1865
• Forbade racial discrimination in public
facilities, transportation lines, places of
amusement, and juries
• Segregation in public schools not prohibited
Civil Rights Cases
• Supreme Court declared all of the provisions
of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
except for the prohibition of discrimination on
juries
Panic of 1873
• Republicans got blamed for it, so in the
elections of 1874, the Republicans lost 77
seats in the House of Representatives, giving
the Democrats control of that house
Racism
• Racism proved to be a powerful incentive for
the Democratic party, especially to attract
poor southerners worried about their
economic future
Methods used by Democrats to control
black votes in the South
1. Economic intimidation
– Fired black voters who voted Republican and
publicized their names so others would not hire
them
– Violence (paramilitary groups and KKK)
Election of 1876
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Put the final nail in Reconstruction’s coffin
Tilden (D)
Hayes (R)
Tilden needs only 1 more electoral vote to win
Both parties sent electoral ballots from Louisiana,
Florida, and South Carolina
• Congress created commission to figure out which
votes to count from disputed states
• Commission gave all the votes to Hayes
Compromise of 1877
• Republicans chose not to dispute the
Democratic gubernatorial victories in the
South and to withdraw federal troops from
the region
• White redeemers would be in control of the
south
• Reconstruction Over
Plessy v Ferguson (1876)
• Separate but equal is OK
Accomplishments of Reconstruction
1. Allowed freedmen to be educated
2. Restored the South to the Union
3. Promoted the passage of the 13, 14, and 15th
Amendments
Legacy of Reconstruction for most
African Americans
• Poverty and discrimination