Transcript THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1861-1865
Competing Visions
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The North and the South held
competing visions of what American
society should become.
Led to a larger rift between North and
South….and eventually war.
Part I. A nation divided
Lets set the stage
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What was the main topic of debate in the
1800s?
Has the United States completely formed
yet?
What problem erupted when new
territories were added to the US?
Missouri compromise of 1820
 Missouri
Compromise
(Speaker of the House)
 Missouri
 Maine
1820:
Henry
- slave state
- free state
 Entry
of states into the Union have to be
balanced - one free/one slave
 No
slavery allowed in remaining Louisiana
Territory above 36’30’’
Clay
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Missouri Compromise 1820: Henry Clay (Whig Party)
 Missouri - slave state
 Maine - free state
 Entry of states into the Union have to be balanced - one
free/one slave
 No slavery allowed in remaining Louisiana Territory
above 36’30’’
Answer map questions!
•Gag rule was passed in
Congress by pro-slavery
Senator John C Calhoun in
1836.
•It said: nothing concerning
slavery could be discussed.
•Anti-slavery petitions could
not be read to Congress
•**Dec 4th, 1844 Henry
Clay was able to get the
Gag Rule repealed
Why do we keep expanding US
territory?
 1830s
and 1840s, many Americans
favored expanding US territory.
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Believed in the idea of manifest destiny,
“obvious or undeniable fate;” It was their
divine mission to spread liberty across
the continent
 Coined by John L. O’Sullivan
War against Mexico
The Annexation of Texas
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1836 Texas won their independence from
Mexico
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Wanted to be annexed, or joined, to the United
States.
South(democrats): approved b/c since Texas is
in the South hoped it would be a slave state
Northerners(Whigs) disapproved b/c it would
shift the balance of power to the South.
Both sides also worried that annexation would lead to war
with Mexico.
Texas is annexed
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In 1845 it became the twenty-eighth
state in the Union later that year.
Mexico broke off diplomatic relations
with US
 The US-Mexico War began
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The Border Dispute
Dispute of southern border
of Texas
- President Polk wanted
more then just Texas terr.,
he wanted Mexican land
that stretched to the Pacific
- US claimed that the Rio
Grande was the official
Amer-Mex border
- Mexico claimed that the
Nueces River(located a
few miles farther north)
was the border
Polk’s attempt to avoid war
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Sends an ambassador
to Mexico city in nov
1845 with an offer to
buy New Mexico and
Cali for 30mill.
Mexican gov refused
How does Polk manage to avoid US declaring
war?
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Polk sent 3000men under gen Zachary
Taylor into disputed area of southern
Texas
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Provokes Mexico: Taylor crosses the
Nueces in March 1846 and sets up
camp near the Rio Grande.
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Mexico considered this an invasion of
Mexico territory and attacked…killing
many American troops
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This is the excuse Polk had waited for,
“ American blood on American soil”
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War was declared on May 13th 1846
Before news of the war had reached
California, settlers there declared an
independent Republic of California. The
uprising became known as the Bear Flag
Revolt after the bear pictured on the new
republic’s flag.
US won
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January 1847: US took control of New
Mexico and California.
Fighting ended September 14, 1847,
when US captured Mexico City, the
capital of Mexico.
U.S. wins and gets more land!
The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848
 Rio Grande became the southern
The Gadsden
border
Purchase
 Mexico gave up its claims to Texas,
California, and New Mexico in return  Five years later, Mexico
sold present-day
for $15 million.
southern New Mexico
and Arizona to the U.S.
for 10million
Answer the following Question
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What issues are going to arise due to the
expansion of the United States westward?
Issues
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The treaty of G-H and the Gadsen
Purchase established the borders of
present US
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Now have to confront issue of slavery
directly once acquiring these new
territories/states.
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Increase of western migration due to new
territory
Part II: Leading up to the Civil War
Should a newly acquired state be free
or slave?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Illinois Democrat Senator Stephen Douglas had two
goals:
1) To make Chicago benefit from trade with the West
He would do this by…Making Kansas and Nebraska
states to build a railroad that linking Chicago with the
West
2) To run for President.
He would do this by…
Getting as many votes as
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he can from northerners
and southerners!
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Based on the map below who would have
a problem with the Kansas and Nebraska
Statehood???? WHY?????
The Decision: The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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To appease North and South Douglas
creates the Kansas-Nebraska Act that
supports….
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popular sovereignty: Letting the people of
each state determine if it should be a free or
slave state
This meant going against the Missouri
Compromise.
The act was passed in 1854
Reasoning and Reaction to
Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Douglas believed…
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South happy bc it gave them a chance to make
northern states slave states
North happy bc they would be free states due to
south’s cotton would not survive harsh weather
conditions
REAL REACTIONS
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South Happy
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Would have slave owners from neighboring states
cross border of Kansas to vote for it to be a slave
state
North angry
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bc they should be free states based on Missouri
Comp
See how free and slave states
were added from 1820-1854
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http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/n
eh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson3/
Response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Thousands of people flooded into Kansas.
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Northerners went to stop slavery = free soilers,
Southerners went in support of it = border-ruffians
Each created their own government leading to
Violence
1856 Pro-slavery supporters attacked the antislavery
town Lawrence, Kansas
In retribution, an abolitionist named John Brown led
some men in a series of vicious murders near a river
called Pottawatomie Creek.
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May 24, 1856 John Brown led several New Englanders to a
proslavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek where they
woke 5 men from their beds, dragged them out of their homes
and killed them in front of their families
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Became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre which
ignited a full-blown war in Kansas
The violence continued to escalate until about 200 people
were dead.
 This whole affair is known as Bleeding Kansas
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John Brown
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John Brown a CT born and Ohio raised abolitionist
who believed that he was chosen by God to end
slavery
Angered about the previous incidences in Kansas,
Brown would lead Kansas into an uproar!
John Brown’s Raid
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Target: An Arsenal(where they store weapons, at
Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Plan: Believed that slaves would join and he
would be able to arm them
Setting up base
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Brown rented a farm outside Harper’s Ferry
where he would set-up base for 3 months.
Recruited 21 fugitive slave, college students,
free blacks + Dangerfield Nuby who had a
personal reason
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His wife was held in that area and about to be sold
south-was afraid he would never see his wife or
children again
John Brown’s Raid
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On October 16, 1859, John Brown and followers
attacked the federal arsenal
Plan Failed: Nobody came to help Brown and his
men.
United States troops, under Colonel Robert E. Lee
had heard of the raid surrounded the arsenal
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killed half of Brown’s men (Nuby, being the first), and forced the
rest to surrender. Brown was convicted of treason and sentenced
to death.
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
Harper’s Ferry Arsenal
John Brown before
he was hung
Reaction to John Brown’s Raid
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Northerners hailed Brown as a
martyr(somebody who chooses to die for
a belief)
Southerners saw him as a criminal.
The reactions caused by Brown’s raid
deepened the anger between the North
and the South.
Watch John Brown Raid’s Video
13min
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
MILN_17KH6M&list=PLayEctEYUFJ5emm400ogGT4xfoI1mFQq
Controversial Issue….
Is John Brown a hero or Villain?
Is John Brown a Martyr or
Terrorist?
Blood spread to Congress
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Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of
Mass gave speech, “A crime against
Kansas”
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Called author of K-N act, Andrew Butler
horrible names and insulted him
Preston Brooks, Senator of NC was Butler’s
uncle
Followed Sumner to office
Caned him
Barely any punishment
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Republican Party emerges
strong
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Whigs and Free-Soilers formed the
Republican Party in 1854
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Both opposed slavery, the KansasNebraska Act and the Fugitive Slave Act
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Fought to repeal Acts
The Election of 1856
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All three major parties were eager to choose candidates
with no ties to “Bleeding Kansas.”
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Democrat: supported both the compromise of 1850 and the KanNeb Act
Republicans: Believed Federal gov’t had the right to restrict slavery
in terr.
Know-Nothings: Against immigration
Democratic nominee James Buchanan won the election,
promising to stop “the agitation of the slavery issue.”
President Buchanan hoped that the Supreme Court would
resolve the slavery issue.
The Dred Scott Decision
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The Supreme Court’s March 1857 Dred
Scott v. Sanford decision angered antislavery forces.
Lawsuit: He was a Missouri slave who was sold
to John Emerson in 1833. He was taken to
Illinois, a free state, and Wisconsin, a free
territory before returning back to Missouri.
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Dred Scott
1843, Scott filed for his freedom, claiming that his
residence was in Illinois, on free soil John Sanford, Emerson’s
brother who took ownership
after Emerson died
The Dred Scott vs. Sanford Decision
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Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled the
following:
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slaves were the property and the Constitution
protects the right to own property.
slaves were not citizens so had no right to sue,
and could not be considered free even in a free
state or territory.
What does this mean for the
Missouri Compromise?
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By saying slaves could not be considered
free anywhere is also saying the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional…
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it deprived those who owned slaves of “life,
liberty and property” under the 5th
Amendment.
What does this mean for Kansas and
Nebraska?
Kansas and Nebraska would
now be….
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Slave states
**** Read Primary Source on
Dred Scott by Frederick Douglas
and answer Qs****
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
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In the Illinois Senate campaign of 1858, Democratic
Senator Stephen Douglas ran for re-election against
Republican Abraham Lincoln.
The campaign drew nationwide attention for the LincolnDouglas debates, a series of seven debates on the issue
of slavery in the territories.
Neither Lincoln nor Douglas believed in racial equality.
Lincoln thought slavery was morally wrong and wanted
to confine it to the states where it already existed.
Douglas, however, tolerated slavery, believing that white
Americans should choose the kind of society that they
wanted.
“A house divided…”
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In a now-famous speech, Lincoln stated
that, “A house divided against itself cannot
stand,”
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The “house” was the Union.
The issue dividing the “house” was slavery.
Douglas won the election, but Lincoln
earned a reputation for eloquence and
moral commitment.
Part IV: Leading up to the
Civil War
Chaos Strikes
PART V: SECESSION
The Election of 1860
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The presidential election of 1860 further demonstrated
the division between the North and the South.
Voters in the North chose between:
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Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas: for popular
sovereignty
Republican Abraham Lincoln: against the spread of slavery
Southerners voted for
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Southern Democrat J.C. Breckinridge: for the gov’t
protecting slavery in territories
John Bell of the newly formed Constitutional Union Party
who was a moderate slaveholder.
The Election of 1860
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Votes in the Border States (Delaware,
Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) were
mixed
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Lower South (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina)
supported Breckinridge.
The Lower South Secedes
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Secessionists, or those who wanted the South
to secede,
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Why? Southerners were outraged that a President
had been elected without any southern electoral
votes.
Their Rationale: argued that since the states had
voluntarily joined the Union, they could also
voluntarily leave it.
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina officially
seceded. Six other states of the Lower South
followed.
Confederate States of America
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In early February 1861, these states met
and proclaimed themselves a new nation,
the Confederate States of America, or
Confederacy.
Jefferson Davis, a former senator from
Mississippi, became president of the
Confederacy.
Views on Secession
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Some Americans felt that the South
should be allowed to secede peacefully.
Others objected, citing the loss of
business with the South as well as a
desire to keep the Union together.
President Lincoln believed that secession
was wrong, but told the South that he
would not attack them unless they struck
first.
The evolution of Abe’s Beard
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http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/
11/24/opinion/20101125_LincolnBeard8.html