Transcript 2016-2017-causes-of-civil-war-berry

When did it
go into
effect?
How many
free states
were there?
How many
slave states
were there?
How did it
help/benefit
the North?
How did it
help/benefit
the South?
Missouri Compromise
The Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act
(page 222)
(page 223-225)
(225-226)
1820
1850
1854
11 before
12 after
15 before
16 after
11 before
12 after
15 before and after
• Maine enters free
• No slavery above
36/30 latitude
• Equal rep. in Senate
as South
• Missouri enters as a
slave state
• Equal rep. in Senate
as North
• California entered
as a free state
making more free
states than slave
states=more
senators
• The Fugitive Slave
Act
17 after
15 before and after
• Gave popular
sovereignty
allowing Kansas to
vote to be a “free”
state.
• Gave popular
sovereignty leading
to the possibility of
slavery about the
36/30 latitude
• Sent people to
vote leading to
“Bleeding Kansas”
North/South Comparison
Northern Perspective
Slavery:
Southern Perspective
Most were against slavery
Most supported slavery as a necessary
evil, or even as a charitable cause.
believed that in order for the U. S. to
function as one Union, political
decisions should be made that would
benefit the entire country
thought states should have the right
to govern themselves and to decide
what would be best for their own
needs
May not have wanted to return
slaves but due to Fug. Slave Act,
were forced to
Wanted slaves returned to the south
Factories, Mining, Banks, Stores
Railroads
Agriculture-cotton, tobacco
Tariffs:
Supported higher tariffs on
imported goods making northern
goods cheaper
The South had little manufacturing
and imported most goods, the tariffs
made these more expensive.
Nullification:
Did not believe nullification was
necessary and that states should
support laws passed federally.
Felt states had the right to nullify, or
void any federal law they didn’t agree
with or thought was unconstitutional.
States’ Rights
Fugitive Slaves
Type of Economy:
Causes of the
Civil War?
Explain the importance of key issues and events that
led to the Civil War; include slavery, states’ rights,
nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of
1850 and the Georgia Platform, Kansas-Nebraska Act,
Dred Scott case, election of 1860, the debate over
secession in Georgia and the role of Alexander
Stephens.
1. Slavery
Slavery
• ______________was
not allowed in Georgia until the early
1750’s
____________.
Slavery grew due to Georgia’s agricultural
based economy. However, slavery grew exponentially with the
Cotton Gin
invention of the ________________.
Philosophical shift
• Southern Perspectives:
– Slavery was a vital to their lifestyle (necessary evil)- GREED
– Partaking in their Christianly duty/Act of Charity
• “We would remind those who condemn and sympathize with slavery, that this slavery relieves him from
the 1820’s,
the Great
far crueler slavery in Africa…..and Christianizes, protects, supports, andIn
civilizes
him.”~ Fitzhugh
– Abolitionists
• Northern Perspectives:
Awakening, a religious
revival, increased support
of abolitionist.
– Pro- slavery
• “We find it no inconvenience at all to be waited upon. I have one and sometimes two to attend me.
And find them sufficient employment.” ~ A. Hale
– Abolitionists
• “….remorseless tyrants of the South that there conditions…..are inhumane and wicked, and we cannot
carry them out for the sake of their evil company.” ~ W.L. Garrison
– Free Soil philosophy: against slavery and worked against laws that discriminated against freed African
Americans in states such as Ohio.
The Abolitionist movement really took off in the 1830s,
generating lots of printed propaganda across the North.
Frederick Douglass
Born a slave.
Leader in Abolition
William Lloyd Garrison
Published The
Liberator (anti-slavery
newspaper)
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(wrote about slaves as
individuals)
Called for the end of slavery! Abolition! Freedom!
2. States’ rights
of power a state government
• States’ rights refers to the amount
___________________
__________________________________________in
making decisions.
has in relation to the amount of power held by federal government
• Flashback:
– Early in U.S. history, the Articles of Confederation gave the
individual states too much power and the nation could not
even tax the states for revenue. Once the Constitution was
ratified, the nation continued to experience issues that
challenged this balance of power. And we still have this
struggle today!
2. States Rights
• The NORTH felt that the U.S. should function as one
________________,
so political decisions should be made that
Union
entire country
benefit the _________________________________.
State’s Rights
• While the SOUTH felt that ________________
took priority over a _____________________.
Unified central government
States’ Rights Examples
• Georgia LOST the Worcester vs Georgia case BUT Georgia refused
to release the missionaries or stop pushing for Cherokee removal.
This test of states’ rights proved that a state could do as it pleased
if there was not a unified attempt by the federal government OR
other states to stop them.
• Today state’s rights issues include decisions such as:
–
–
–
–
death penalty
assisted suicide
gay marriage
Legalization of marijuana
Balancing Act Holds Off War
• As of 1819, the United States had twenty two states
– 11 slave
– 11 free
• This maintained an equal number of senators representing free
and slave states in the Senate.
• The House of Representatives, there were more from free
states than slave states.
Free
Slave
Missouri compromise
Missouri wanted to enter the union as a slave state which would change the
balance of power to the South (slave states).
Compromise: So Maine is allowed to enter as a free state. PLUS, Congress forbids
slavery north of the 36/30 parallel (which is the southern border of Missouri)
Missouri Compromise serves as band aid solution for almost 30 years, with states
being admitted into the Union in free and slave pairings.
Nullification Crisis/Tariffs
• The North supported high tariffs on goods imported from Great
Britain. This made items made in the North cheaper than imported
ones.
• The South opposed this tariff because they bought many
manufactured goods and they did not want to pay higher prices.
• The Northern states dominated the House of Representatives in the
1830s and voted to renew the tariff. South Carolina threatened to
nullify the tariff or even secede from the union.
* Nullification – Legal theory that states have a right to nullify, or
invalidate, a law which that state viewed as unconstitutional.
We don’t like your
crummy tax. Change it or
we are seceding this
Union!
Just
kidding!
Hi I am Andrew
Jackson
Hey Congress, let
me take an army
into South Carolina,
and I will force
them to accept the
taxes.
Secession?
• Andrew Jackson’s threat to attack South Carolina if they
attempted to leave the union worked well enough to keep the
state in the fold. (Hey, they saw what Jackson did in the Battle
of New Orleans as well as what Jackson did to Spain’s claims of
Florida. He was a worthy foe.)
Compromise 1850
• The Gold Rush increased California’s population, so it
applied for statehood as a free state.
• There was no slave state available entering the Union to
balance the power of free vs slave states.
• Compromise:
North
South
-California entered as a Free State
-Fugitive Slave Act- stating that slaves
who ran away would be returned to their
owners
Georgia Platform
• Georgia Politicians were trying to decide if they would accept the terms of the
Compromise of 1850.
• This compromise would give FREE states more representation in the Senate and end
the balance of power.
• Led by Robert Toombs and Alexander Stephens, and with the promise of the Fugitive
Slave Act, Georgia passed the Compromise of 1850 leading other southern states to
accept the Compromise preventing a civil war for 11 years.
Remembering the Compromises
REMEMBER “M” Compromise for Missouri
Compromise
• Only states with a “M,” Maine (free)
and Missouri (slave) entered the
Union.
REMBER “C” for Compromise of 1850
• California entered the Union - Free
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Recall--What was the Missouri Compromise?
• Where are Kansas and Nebraska located?
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Senator Stephen Douglas believed in popular
sovereignty, the ability for states to decide for
themselves.
• Only 4 years after the Compromise of 1850, the
KNA was passed permitting the possibility of
slavery being allowed above the 36’ 30’ parallel
by allowing the people of Kansas and Nebraska
to decide for themselves on the issue of slavery.
Bleeding Kansas
Kansas was flooded by BOTH
pro and anti-slavery supporters
who came to the state to vote
for or against the institution of
slavery. Violence erupted. With
all the bloodshed, Kansas
became known as “Bleeding
Kansas.”
7. 1857 Dred Scott Case
Supreme Court rules in favor of
the Southern States
• Dred Scott is a slave taken by his master from
the slave state of Missouri to the free states of
Illinois and Wisconsin.
• Upon his return to Missouri, Scott sues the state
based on the belief that his time in the free
states made him a free man.
• Court rules that slaves and freed blacks are not
citizens of the U.S. and do not have the right to
sue.
This widens the gap
3. Election of 1860
• Due to the dramatic sectionalism tearing the country apart, four
presidential candidates ran for office in 1860.
• Due to the issue of slavery, Northern and Southern Democrats elected
different candidates.
• The Constitutional Union Party’s primary concern was to avoid
secession. The Republican Party began in 1854; their primary goal was
to prevent the expansion of slavery.
Meet the Candidates
John Breckenridge
Southern
Democrat
nominee
from
Kentucky
Stephen Douglass
Northern
Democrat
nominee
from
Illinois
Meet the Candidates
John Bell
Constitutional
Union Party
nominee from
Tennessee (Avoid
secession)
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Party
nominee from
Illinois
(primary goalprevent
expansion of
slavery)
Election of 1860
• Northern states favored a Republican candidate that
would help to abolish slavery. Southern states favored
candidates that supported States’ Rights.
• Northern States, California
and Oregon supported
Lincoln.
• Most Southern states
supported John C.
Breckinridge
• Most Border states
supported either Stephen
Douglas or John Bell
Lincoln wins!
• Though Abraham Lincoln’s name was not on
the ballot in most southern states, he won the
election of 1860 with 180 electoral votes.
180 electoral
votes &
1,865,908
popular votes
39 electoral
votes &
590,901
popular
72 electoral
votes &
848,019
popular
12
electoral
votes
1,380,202
popular
Georgia: Secession
Should we stay, or should we go?
A spirited debate on the matter takes place in 1861
Georgia General Assembly debates whether or not the state
should join its southern brethren in breaking away from the
Union. After three days of debate, Georgia votes to leave the
union on January 19, 1861
Should I stay or should I go?
Supporter of the Union
Supporters of Secession!
• Representatives from the northern
counties
• small farmers and non-slave holders
wanted to stay.
• Alexander Stephens gave an eloquent
speech AGAINST secession. (89)
• Those who had a social and economic
stake in the institution of slavery ,
such as large farmers and slave
holders, voted for secession. (208)
• Gov. Joseph Brown
• Robert Toombs
Secession wins the VOTE!!!!
208 to 89
Georgia was part of the Confederacy from
1861-1865.
• 1832 graduate of U.G.A.
• As a congressman, (he played a major role in
assisting in the Compromise of 1850 and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act)
• At Georgia’s secession debate, Stephens gave an
eloquent speech against Georgia seceding the
union.
• He was elected the Vice President of the
Confederate States of America (CSA)
– elected for experience and as a sign of unity
based on his unionist past
• His weak stature did not allow him military
experience, so during the war, he had little to do
• After the war, he was imprisoned for five months
for treason.
• He was elected into U.S. congress from 1877 –
1882
• Elected as governor of Georgia in 1882, but died
shortly after.
Alexander Stephens
50th governor of Georgia
Preparing for War
The Straw that Broke the Camel’s Back
• The Election of 1860 was the
final straw leading to war.
• Lincoln was elected without
winning a single southern
state.
• A little more than a month
after Lincoln was elected,
South Carolina left the union
on December 20, 1860
• By February of 1861 the
seven states of the deep
south had seceded the
Union forming a new nation,
the Confederate States of
America (CSA)
The Election of
1860
This pro-Breckinridge political cartoon shows Douglas (on the left) and Lincoln (on the right)
duking in out in a boxing ring, while Breckinridge points towards the White. The boxers’
coaches reflect the stereotypical perception of their constituency: an Irishman backs Douglas,
reflecting the northern Democrats, while a black man coaches Lincoln, the antislaveryRepublican candidate.
Lincoln’s Inauguration: March 4, 1861
• Secession from the Union was a
grim reality during the
inauguration of America’s 16th
president.
• Two weeks prior, Jefferson Davis
was inaugurated as the president
of the Confederate States of
America.
• The well respected Alexander
Stephens was elected Vice
President of the CSA.
• Rumored plots of assassination
ran rampant.
In an attempt to stop war, Lincoln addressed the
concerns of the south in his inaugural speech.
Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States, that by
the accession of a Republican Administration, their property, and their peace,
and personal security, are to be endangered. There has never been any
reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to
the contrary has all the while existed, and been open to their inspection. It is
found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I
do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that "I have no
purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the
States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no
inclination to do so." Those who nominated and elected me did so with full
knowledge that I had made this, and many similar declarations, and had never
recanted them.
Rate the President
• Do you feel that it was necessary
for Lincoln to address the concerns
of the South in his inaugural
speech?
• Why do you think his words were
not enough to provide the peace of
mind the South needed to stall
war?
• What, if anything, do you think
President Lincoln could have said
better or differently?
Confederate States of America
•
•
•
•
President: Jefferson Davis
Vice President: Alexander Stephens
The capital : Richmond, Virginia
Confederate States:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
South Carolina
Texas
Arkansas
North Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia
“The new [Confederate]
Constitution has set at rest
for ever all agitating
questions relating to our
peculiar institution—African
slavery as it exists among
us—the proper state of the
negro in our form of
civilization.”
Alexander Stephens
Quit as U.S. Senator,
Became Vice-President,
Confederate States of America
March 21, 1861
Assembling Armies
• Most soldiers volunteered at first, but later
men were conscripted (drafted to serve in the
armies)
• Some men received bounties (money) to sign
up; some signed up, received the bounty, then
deserted (ran away)
• Poorer men sometimes accepted money to
fight in place of wealthier men who didn’t
want to serve
• Some 178,985 enlisted men served in black
regiments during the Civil War; almost all
fought for the Union
• Boys as young as 10 served in both armies;
thousands of soldiers were between 14 and 16
years old
Sumter Light Guards, Company K, 4th Regiment Georgia Volunteer
Infantry, CSA. April 1861
Advantages of Each Side
•
•
•
•
•
Northern Advantages
North had more people from which to
create and resupply armies
more factories
better railroad system
most of the nation’s food growing
farms
wealth
•
•
•
•
Southern Advantages
South had more experienced military
leaders
highly motivated to defend their
homeland
Wanted to win independence.
Most Southern farms were used to
grow cash crops (cotton, etc.), so trade
(cotton for weapons/supplies) was
very important to the South
Southern War Tactics
• Wear down the Union armies, which would
hasten the northerners’ desire to end the war
• Use swift raiders (small, fast ships) to help
break the Union blockade
• King Cotton Diplomacy: Convince France and
England to help the Confederacy by stopping
the export of Cotton to these countries.
• (Britain and France were able to buying cotton from
Egypt)