Transcript Civil War PPT

The American Civil War
1861–1865
Causes
• Slavery
• Sectional Differences
• Lifestyle
• Culture
• Economic Life
• N-Finance &
Manufacture
• S- Crops &
Agriculture
NORTH
SOUTH
• Potential fighting and work force (20-25
million citizens)---immigrants contributed
greatly
• Population 2.5 to 1
• Free male population 4.5 to 1
• Economics (approximately 70% of nation’s
wealth resides in the North)
•
•
•
•
Factory production 10 to 1
Textile production 14 to 1
Farm acreage 3 to 1 (potential)
Wheat production 4.2 to 1 (Britain ends up
needing grains more than cotton as the war
progresses)
• Transportation—superior in every respect
• Railroad mileage 7 to 1
• Naval ships 25 to 1
• Merchant ships 9 to 1
• Fighting a defensive war on own
terrain (vast wilderness territory)
• Positive goal--- seeking
independence from the Union
• Experienced officer corps and foot
soldiers (Mexican War fought by
mostly southerners)
• Cotton 24 to 1 (provides Britain and
France)
• Possibility of intervention/assistance
(Britain)
North vs. South
The Leaders
• Abraham Lincoln
• Jefferson Davis
• 16th President of the United States.
• President of the Confederate States of America.
• He opposed the expansion of slavery.
• During the Mexican War, he had been an officer in the
United States Army.
• A Republican,
• Led the Union during the Civil War.
• Davis also had served as the United States Secretary of
War.
• John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln in
• When the South surrendered, he was charged with treason
Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865.
CICERO © 2010and prohibited from running for public office again.
The Generals
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
William T. Sherman
Thomas Jackson
George Meade
James Longstreet
George B. McClellan
James E.B. Stuart
Uniforms
• At the beginning of the Civil War, states provided uniforms to soldiers; and the
uniforms were in a variety of colors.
• This led to massive confusion on the battlefield, and often soldiers fired on their
own men.
• As the war continued, both sides chose a single color for their uniforms.
 The United States of America chose blue,
 Confederate States of America chose gray.
Overview of the North’s Civil War
Strategy:
Major Battles of the Civil War
Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861
• The first shots of the Civil War were
fired at Fort Sumter.
• Major Robert Anderson of the United
States Army had moved his troops to
the base because he feared a
Confederate attack.
•
In the early morning the Confederates
launched an attack.
• Northern troops under Anderson’s
command returned fire, but were
ineffective.
• One Confederate soldier and four
Union soldiers were killed in the
battle.
South Carolina
Virginia
First Bull Run/Manassas
July 21, 1861
• The First Battle of Bull Run took place
on July 21, 1861.
• General Irvin McDowell led the Union
army toward Richmond, Virginia.
• General P.G.T. Beauregard’s
Confederate troops intercepted them.
• The battle lasted about five hours.
• Confederate forces began to retreat due
to losses, except General Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson who continued to
fight until reinforcements arrived.
• The reenergized Confederates pushed
McDowell’s forces out of the area.
• Union casualties were high, almost three
thousand; and the Confederates suffered
two thousand casualties.
Antietam
Maryland
September 17, 1862
• The Battle of Antietam, September 16–18,
1862
• AKA the Battle of Sharpsburg
•Confederate forces under Generals George
McClellan and Robert E. Lee.
•Federal armies brutalized the Confederacy
•23,000 casualties
•Bloodiest Single Day of the War
•The Union pushed Lee and his troops back to
Antietam Creek, but Lee counterattacked with
all his troops.
•The two sides fought to a standstill, and both
armies withdrew.
The Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
• President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation.
•
It was part of a two-part plan that guaranteed freedom
to slaves in the Union and some Confederate states.
• The Confederate government claimed Lincoln could
not issue laws over states in which he had no political
control.
1. The first plan, enacted on September 22, 1862,
freed slaves in Confederate states that had not yet
rejoined the Union.
2. The second part took effect on January 1, 1863,
applying to specific states, but not to the border
states such as Maryland and West Virginia.
African-American Recruiting Poster
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
Vicksburg
Mississippi
May 2-July 9, 1863
• Battle of Vicksburg -May 13, 1863.
• The North and the South considered
Vicksburg an important stronghold.
• Union General Ulysses S. Grant launched
massive assaults on Vicksburg and
terrorized the inhabitants.
• Confederates achieved a minimal victory
for a while.
• Federal troops pushed Confederate forces
back as the size of the Union forces
continued to increase.
• Confederate General John Pemberton
surrendered to Grant on July 3, 1863.
Pennsylvania
Gettysburg
July 1-3, 1863
• The Battle of Gettysburg began as the Battle of
Vicksburg was ending.
• Confederate General Lee
• Union General George C. Meade’s
• Union Victory
THE NORTH INITIATES
THE DRAFT, 1863
Irish Immigrants and Blacks recruited in NYC
NYC Draft Riots, ( July 13-16, 1863
The Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863
•
Abraham Lincoln delivered this famous
speech on November 19, 1863, to a
crowd gathered at the dedication of
Soldier’s National Cemetery in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
•
The speech contains only two hundred
seventy-two words, but it is considered
one of the greatest speeches in American
history.
The Gettysburg Address
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come
to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that
that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this
ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our
poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but
it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the
unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to
be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take
increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we
here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.
Abraham Lincoln
November 19, 1863
Sherman’s March to the Sea
November 15-December 20, 1864
• Union General William T. Sherman
• The Union had already captured Atlanta
• Sherman marched the rest of his army to the
Atlantic Ocean through Savannah, Georgia.
• Sherman’s troops burned buildings and
infrastructures along the way, destroying many
towns and cities.
• Sherman’s troops defeated the depleted
Confederate army and took Savannah on
December 22, 1864.
Surrender at Appomattox
Virginia
April 9, 1865
• General Lee surrendered his Confederate army at
Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9,
1865.
• Lee’s army had diminished, which contributed to
Union General Grant’s many victories near the
end of the war.
• In a sign of respect, Grant allowed Lee to
keep his saber and horse.
Assassination of Lincoln
April 14, 1865
• President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at
the end of the Civil War.
• April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford’s
Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife and
two other people.
• Lincoln was watching Our American Cousin
when John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of
the head.
• Booth was a loyal Confederate, and he thought
the Confederacy could triumph if Lincoln were
dead.
• Lincoln died of his fatal wound the next
morning.
The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators
• The conspirators in the assassination of President
Lincoln were Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David
Herold, George Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen,
Samuel Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel
Mudd.
• They were tried in a military tribunal court because the
government deemed the nature of the case required the
use of this court.
• A majority vote would result in a guilty verdict, while
a two-thirds majority would result in a death sentence.
• All eight were found guilty.
• Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerdot were sentenced
to death by hanging. O’Laughlen died in prison.
• President Andrew Johnson pardoned Arnold, Spangler,
and Mudd.
Legislation Passed without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act: Increased taxes in the US to help pay for the war
1862 – Homestead Act: passed by Congress in 1862 - encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery
1862 – Legal Tender Act: authorizing the creation of paper money not redeemable in gold or
silver.
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act: provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment
of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.”
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863): The proclamation declared "that all persons
held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
1863 – Pacific Railway Act: was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern
States.
1863 – National Bank Act: established a system of national banks, and created the United
States National Banking System
Legacy of the War
• The Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history.
• Referred to as:
• “The War Between the States”
• “The Brother’s War”
• “War of Northern Aggression”
• 600,000 Died
• Massive inflation and Public Debt
• Devastation of the South
• Changing Labor Patterns and Roles for women
• Passage of Thirteenth, Fourteenth , and Fifteen Amendments to the United States Constitution.
• outlawed slavery, granted African Americans United States citizenship, and granted African-American males the
right to vote.
• Although equal treatment under the law for African Americans would not be enforced until almost a hundred years later, the
Civil War abolished slavery and established the supremacy of the federal government.
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars