Transcript Unit 5 & 6
Unit 5 & 6 Civil War Era & Reconstruction Civil War Era 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Map – Manifest Destiny Map – Before the War Map – During the War Timeline Before the War (Manifest Destiny, Causes, Sectionalism) The War (Strategies, Major Battles, Role of Lincoln, & On the Home Front) Me . Oregon Country Unorganized Territory Michigan Territory. Missouri Compromise Line Mo. New Spain Arkansas Terr. States admitted by Missouri Compromise Slave states and Territories Oregon Territory Unorganized Territory Minnesota Territory Utah Territory California New Mexico Territory Indian Territory Slave States and Territories Territories to vote on slavery Gettysburg Antietam Washington, D.C. Manassas (Bull Run) Appomattox Richmond Shiloh Atlanta Sherman’s “March to the Sea” Vicksburg Savannah Monitor and Merrimack Timeline Abraham Lincoln elected President Westward Expansion “Manifest Destiny” Compromise of 1850 Missouri Compromise 1820 1815 1820 North wins Civil War 1865 Dred Scott Case 1857 1825 1830 1835 1840 1845 1850 Mexican – American War 1855 Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854 1860 1865 Ft. Sumter fired on Civil War begins 1861 Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny: the concept, believed by most Americans, that the United States had the right to any lands from the Appalachian Mountains to the Pacific Ocean Reasons for wanting to expand west… 1. Religion - many Americans were looking for increased freedoms from persecution or harassment (Ex. Brigham Young leading the Mormons to Utah from Palmyra, NY) 2. Expansion of cotton culture: - the expansion of cotton into the west meant expansion of slavery (Slave States vs. Free States) 3. Opportunity - the chance for a better economic situation, or personal freedoms ( The “Gold Rush” of the late 1840s brought many to the West Coast) Disputes over expansion Texas/Mexican War Texas was first its own nation – it had won independence from Mexico in 1836 Over time, many Texans began to have economic and cultural connections with the US US annexed Texas in 1845 Boundary dispute led to the Mexican American War US Wins and took control of Texas and California Settlement of the West Homestead Act: 1862 The Federal Government offered 160 acres to any adult citizen for just $10 The settler agreed to live on the land and improve it in 5 years before becoming owner Millions moved west Transcontinental Railroad Clash with Native Americans Indian Wars (Battle of Little Big Horn led by Sitting Bull); Massacre at Wounded Knee ended Wars (Natives forced to live on Reservations) Dawes Act 1887 Congress passed legislation to “Americanize” native peoples Few natives took the offer Sectionalism Sectionalism: as years went by the northern and southern US began to develop separate identities, this would prove to be the biggest test to the survival of the nation Divided America The Industrial North Trade: While trading with other nations, the northern states industrial centers traded products across the entire nation Factories: factories produced as much vital products as any nation in the world; culture centered around factory Urban Centers: most northerners lived in cities, north's population the largest of any section of the US Transportation: Dominated transportation system including canals, roadways, and railroads The Agrarian South Plantation System: Large, slave worked cash crop farms, most southerners lived a rural life in small towns Cash Crop: Major cash crop was cotton; relied on the North for trade, as well as, industrial centers in Europe Slavery: Dependent on slave labor, political life is to ensure the survival of slavery Sectional Disputes Issue: Bank of the United States Northern View: Pro-Bank Southern View: Anti-Bank Western View: Pro-Bank Issue: Internal Improvements Northern View: For federally funded internal improvements Southern View: Against improvements Western View: For improvements Issue: Expansion of Slavery (New Territories) Northern View: Opposed Southern View: Favored Western View: The issues divided westerners Issue: Cheap Western Lands North: Opposed South: Favored Western: Favored cheap lands and encouraged migration to the West Compromises on the Expansion of Slavery Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Kansas/Nebraska 1854 Missouri Compromise Issue: Could Congress prohibit slavery in new territories? Could Congress place conditions on new states entering the Union? Resolution: Missouri would be added as a slave state (at the same time Maine is added as a free state) No slavery in the rest of the old Louisiana Territory above the 36’30’’ line Impact: Gave formal boundary to slavery Never really dealt with the legal issue of slavery Compromise of 1850 Issue: Admitting California as a free state threatened the balance of power between free and slave state Resolution: California admitted as free state Fugitive Slave Act required escaped slaves to be returned to their owners Popular Sovereignty: citizens in each territory would vote to be entered as a slave or free state Kansas/Nebraska Act Issue: - People in Kansas and Nebraska wanted to vote to decide whether or not to become slave states – not to follow the Missouri Compromise Resolution: - Overturned the Missouri Compromise in Kansas and Nebraska allowing for popular sovereignty to decide Impact: - Bleeding Kansas (John Brown) Case Study: The Dred Scott Case Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857) - Scott, and African American had lived for awhile with his owner in free Illinois - Later, his owner moved to Missouri, a slave state - He sued for his freedom claiming he was free because of his time in Illinois Constitutional Law: the issue of slavery in the territories Court Decision: The Supreme Court said Scott was not free because he was not a citizen – and could not be protected by the USA Constitution – he was property Impact: - Missouri Compromise unconstitutional - Northern opposition - South threatens to leave the Union if North did not Obey Causes of the Civil War Cause: Failure to resolve the slavery issue Effect: 1. Sectional Polarization: - by the mid-1800s, the nation was divided up politically over the slavery issue - some supported slavery elsewhere/some opposed slavery elsewhere - some favored popular sovereignty 2. Radical Abolitionism: - some opponents of slavery (John Brown), used violence against slave supporters Cause: Regionalization of Political Parties Effect: - Rise of Republican Party (North): -created in opposition to slavery - Motto: “Free soil-Free Labor-Free Men” - Disunion of Democratic Party - Election of Abraham Lincoln - fearing loss of southern power, southern states began to seriously talk of breaking away from the Union Cause: Lincoln’s Election Effect: - Secession: Several southern states eventually voted to break away from the Union (secede) - South Carolina was first - Ft. Sumter: south Carolina troops took over Charleston harbor - Lincoln sends troops, causes more southern states to secede The War North Use superior resources, technologies, and manpower Divide the Confederacy – capture and control the Mississippi River Blockade the southern ports – don’t let supplies into the Confederacy Capture the capital - Richmond South Attack, again and again, hoping to wear down the north’s will to win Gain support from Great Britain and France, each dependent on southern cotton Major Battles 1st Manassas (Bull Run): The north thought I would be an easy victory and an end to a short war The southern victory proved it would be a tougher fight, and linger war than expected Battle of Antietam: The first significant Northern victory – kept Great Britain and France from helping the South Had the most one-day casualties in the history of the United States Battle of Gettysburg The turning point of the war – until this time, the South had, in general, been winning the war The northern victory bolstered morale, and weakened the southern army greatly Surrender at Appomattox: Scene of the final moments of war; Lee surrenders to Grant here On the Home Front Role of Women - in both the North and the South, women took the place of men in factories and on farms. Many served as nurses in hospitals near or on battlefields. Role of African Americans: - In the north, many took the place of whites in the factories - After the Emancipation Proclamation, many rushed to enlist and serve in the US Army Role of Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s decision to free all persons in states that were still rebelling in 1863 Changed the purpose of the war-from just about preserving the Union-to ending slavery as well Gettysburg Address: - Lincoln’s short, but meaningful speech outlined the meaning and significance of the war Reconstruction Timeline Various Plans to Reconstruct America (Johnson’s Plan and Radical Reconstruction) The New South (Economy, Society and Government) End of Reconstruction Timeline 14th Amendment extends citizenship to African Americans 1868 15th Amendment guarantees voting rights to African Americans 1870 The election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President ends the Reconstruction Era 1877 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court Case 1896 13th Amendment abolishes slavery 1865 1862 1865 1868 Reconstruction Acts passed 1867 President Lincoln Assassinated 1865 1871 1874 1877 1880 1883 1886 1889 1892 Plans for Reconstructing America Lincoln’s Plan (Do not punish the South) 1. Pardons to southerners if they swore loyalty to the U.S. 2. If a state got 10% to swear loyalty, they could form a new state government with a constitution 3. The new constitution had to ban slavery in the states The Assassination John Wilkes Booth Ford’s Theatre Lincoln’s survived a few days after the shooting before dying Booth created the largest manhunt in US history President Johnson’s Plan His Plan: 1. No provisions for protecting rights of African Americans 2. His ranking Confederate officials had to apply for amnesty Johnsons Impeachment Issue Angered many Congressmen by firing many officials Trial: lasted three months The verdict: One vote short of the 2/3 needed for impeachment Effect: opened the way for more Republican radical reconstruction Radical Republican’s Reconstruction Plan Legislation: - 13th Amendment (1865): abolished slavery in the United States - 14th Amendment (1866): states could not deprive a citizen of rights without due process of law - 15th Amendment (1869): the right to vote cannot be denied to any citizen because of race - Freedmen’s Bureau: Aid for former slaves (provide food and clothing; medical services; early schools for African Americans) - Military Districts: 5 created Southern Response: - “Black Codes” created that limited the rights of African Americans - Ten of the Confederate states refused to ratify the 14th Amendment - Grandfather Clauses, literacy tests, poll tax - use of terror tactics (Ku Klux Klan: Knights of the White Camelia) The New South Economic: - End of the Plantation System 1. End of slavery ended plantation system 2. The plantation system was the main basis of wealth in the old south 3. Carpetbaggers: northerners who took advantage of southern economic ruin to profit for themselves - Growth of Industry: 1. Some southerners see the value of industry in a new economy 2. Railroads, textile mills, steel production 3. Democrats return to power in South Political: - scalawags (“scoundrels”) Southern whites that sided with northern reconstruction - Some African Americans elected to office (Hiram Revels) - Democrats returned to power in the South Society: - “Jim Crow” laws: laws passed in southern states that established social segregation (African Americans could not use the same facilities as white people) Case Study: Plessy Vs. Ferguson Background: - Jim Crow Laws had created a social segregation in the south - Louisiana passed a law requiring segregation on public transportation - the law was challenged by Homer Plessy (1/8 Black) Constitutional Issue: - Plessy argued that the Louisiana law violated the 13th and 14th amendments - “Badge of Inferiority” Decision: - Segregation was legal as long as African Americans had access to “equal but separate”” facilities Effect: - the decision reinforced segregation in the south - the decision was applied to schools as well End of Reconstruction End of Military Occupation: - The withdraw of federal troops virtually ended any advances by African Americans since the end of the Civil War Restoration of White Control in South - the removal of federal troops allowed whites to gain control over southern states again - Secret Societies: KKK - Poll Taxes: those to poor to pay tax could not vote - Literacy Tests: Requiring the ability to read and write - Grandfather Clauses: “if your grandfather did not have the right to do it, then you do not” Essential Questions 1.) In what ways did Congress attempt to regain powers that seemed to have been lost to a strong President in Lincoln? - Radical Republicans took charge of a Reconstruction after Lincoln's assassination - The impeachment of President Johnson resulted in a weakened Presidency and a stronger Congress 3.) After learning about the events and actions of the Reconstruction period, how can it be argued that the North did not gain a victory in the Civil War? - Despite the legal ending of slavery, it continued to operate on an informal basis in many southern areas - The issue of states rights vs. federal rights was still an issue during and after the Reconstruction Period - The basic lives of African Americans often faced a more intensely prejudicial environment with Jim Crow laws and reactionary groups