Transcript The Civil War

The Civil War
Ch. 11
• April 1861: Confederates fire on Ft.
Sumter…Civil War begins!!
• North Advantages
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Larger population
Industrial/agricultural capacity
Transportation network
2.1 million soldiers
Naval advantage
• The South
• 900,000 soldiers
• Unstable finances
• Financed 60% of the $1.5 billion
spent on war printing money and
inflation.
• The Union
Solider
• Blue Uniform
• The Confederate
Solider
• Grey Uniform
• Confederate president Jefferson
Davis (former senator of Mississippi)
had to build a government from
square one (during a war).
• Lincoln already had an established
government, a standing army, stable
financial resources, and excellent
relations with Europe.
• The Southerners saw
themselves as the only
true heirs of the
American Revolution
and the true defenders
of the American
Constitution.
• President Davis needed
to give the South a
vision for their future.
• Northerners needed a
convincing reason to
fight.
• Lincoln overall was
a better leader; he
handled
disagreement
better, used humor
to diffuse tense
situations, had
eloquence, and
was a man of the
people.
More States Secede
• Virginia was not willing to fight against the
Southern states.
• Seceded from the Union on April 7, 1861.
• Western Virginia was anti-slavery; seceded from Virginia and
became West Virginia in 1863.
• Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee quickly
followed after Virginia.
• Seceded in May 1861
• Maryland was vital to the Union, because of its
close proximity to Washington D.C.
• Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri remained part of
the Union.
The Strategies…
• The Union
• Anaconda Plan
• The Union navy would blockage southern port so they couldn’t
export cotton, nor import much needed manufactured goods.
• Union riverboats and armies would move down the Mississippi
River and split the Confederacy in two.
• Union armies would capture the Confederate capital at
Richmond, Virginia.
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The South
• Survival of the fittest
• Attack, Attack, Attack!!
• Invade the North if necessary
•
They only had to fight a strong battle on their own
territory until Northern opposition forced the Union to
give up.
•
Problems with this strategy
• Required more patience than the South had (attach on
Ft. Sumter showed that).
• Southern resources might give out before the war
might end.
The Early War
• First Battle of Bull Run
• July 21, 1861
Beauregard
(Confederacy) and
McDowell (Union)
meet at Manassas (20
miles SW of
Washington D.C)
• Confederate troops
take down a string
Union army.
• Colonel Thomas J.
Jackson earns his
name “Stonewall
Jackson.”
• Confederate victory at Bull Run
boosted the South’s confidence.
War in the West
• Confederate forts, Ft. Henry on the
Tennessee River and Ft. Donelson on the
Cumberland River guarded strategic
waterways that connected Tennessee
and Kentucky to the Mississippi Valley.
• Forts also defended Nashville
(Tennessee’s capital)
Fort Henry
Fort Donelson
• February 1862,
Ulysses S. Grant
(Union General) put
together a land and
river attack against
both forts, which
caught the
unprepared
Southerners off
guard.
• By February 16, 1862 both forts fell.
• This Union victory closed off the
South’s path to the West from
Virginia and the Carolinas.
• The Confederacy never regained
strategic advantage in the West.
Shiloh
• March 1862
• Grant and his men gathered near small Tennessee
church (Shiloh).
• However, Grant did not post enough guards on
patrol.
• Confederate forces came charging in from the
woods and attacked.
• That night, Grant called in reinforcements,
reorganized his men and the following morning
attacked Confederate forces.
• By mid-afternoon April 7, Confederate forces
retreated.
• Grant’s next move was to
attack the main
Mississippi port and the
rail center of Vicksburg.
•
David G. Farragut was a
60 year old Admiral took
his fleet past enemy fire
and 5 days later the U.S.
flag flew over New
Orleans.
•
Over the next two month,
Farragut took control of
Baton Rouge and
Natchez.
War in the East
• With Grant taking care of
shutting down the Confederacy
in the West, Lincoln shifted his
focus on Richmond.
• Appointed General George B.
McClellan to lead the Army of
the Potomac.
Richmond
• Robert E. Lee (Confederate General)
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Modest and willing to go beyond military textbook tactics
Opposed secession
Freed his slaves
Declined offer to head Union army
Wanted to stay faithful to Virginia
•
Seven Days’ Battles
• June 25 – July 1, 1862
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Lee’s determination and unorthodox tactics forced McClellan to
back away and head down the peninsula towards the sea.
•
Three Thousand men were killed or wounded on both the Union
and Confederate sides.
Turning Points
• Union naval blockade strengthened
as the war continued.
• South loses its ability to continue
trade, raise money for war needs,
and from cash crops leaving the
South.
• Restriction of trade hurt the
Southern cause.
The Trent Incident
•
James Mason and John Slidell (Confederate diplomats)
illegally travelled aboard a British merchant ship (the
Trent).
•
Captain Charles Wilkes (Captain of the San Jacinto)
arrested the two men.
•
Britain thought they were Union diplomats and prepared
to wage war against the United States.
•
Lincoln set the two prisoners free, therefore stopping war
from starting.
The Alabama claims
•
Britain did not recognize the
Confederacy, but sold them ships
to use against the Union.
•
Alabama ship sank or captured
64 American merchant vessels
before it sank.
•
United States gives Britain the
$19 million bill in damages,
which Britain ignored.
•
In 1872, the United States and
Britain came to an agreement
and Britain paid the U.S. $15.5
million .
Antietam
• Bloodiest single day of
fighting in U.S. History.
• 2,100 Union soldiers
and 2,700 Confederate
soldiers died.
• 18, 500 other Union
and Confederate
soldiers were
wounded.
Emancipation
• President Lincoln hated slavery, but his war priority
was to keep the Union together.
• Lincoln said during this inauguration he had “no
purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the
institution of slavery in the states where it exists”.
• However, as the war continued Lincoln was getting
more and more pressure from Northern civilians,
Union soldiers, and Congress to emancipate
slavery.
• The Republican Congress
decided to prohibit
slavery in the territories
and abolish slavery in
D.C.
•
Due to the emancipation
of slavery, the district’s
slaves called for
compensating slave
owners and colonizing the
freed slaves in Black
republics such as Haiti
and Liberia.
•
In July 1862, the
Conscription Act ordered
the seizure of land from
disloyal Southerners and
the emancipation of their
slaves.
• Emancipation Proclamation
announced by President Lincoln on
September 1862, would free slaves
in all Confederate states still in
rebellion started January 1, 1863.
• Slaves in the border states loyal to
the Union and in areas under Federal
occupation were exempt from the
proclamation.
• The Emancipation unified the Republican
Party and strengthened Lincoln’s hand in
conducting the war.
• The 1862 Conscription Act included slaves
with the other Confederate property as the
“contraband” of war and subject to
confiscation.
• After 1863, former slaves served in
increasing numbers in the Union army.
• More than 80% of about 180,000
black soldiers and 20,000 black
sailors who fought in the Union were
slaves and free black men from the
South.
• Even though black soldiers were
able to fight just as well as white
soldiers, blacks were paid less and
performed most of the menial duties
of the camp.
• The most celebrated
black encounter with
Confederate troops
occurred July 1863
during an assault by
the 54th Massachusetts
Regiment on Ft.
Wagner outside
Charleston, SC.
• The Northern press
praised the black
troops for their efforts.
• Both Union and
Confederate women
cared for the sick and
wounded.
• In 1861, members of
the U.S. Sanitary
Commission voluntarily
came together and
attempted to upgrade
medical and hospital
care.
• Even when soldiers
escaped death on
the battlefield and
in the hospital,
they often died
from disease.
• Twice as many
soldiers died from
disease than from
battle during the
Civil War.
• Common diseases
were typhoid and
venereal diseases.
• Typhoid is causes by
salmonella
(contaminated water).
• Symptoms – fever, loss
of appetite, diarrhea,
tired, aches and pains,
severe chest
congestion.
• Most soldiers turned to religion to
help console them.
• Soldiers responded to the danger of
war in different ways
• Yelling loudly
• Uncontrollable shaking
• Strained relations between enlisted
soldiers and officers
• Heavy chores
• Incessant drills
• Boredom
• Women cooked,
cleaned, did
laundry and
provided sexual
services.
From Fredericksburg to
Gettysburg
• After Antietam, Lincoln replaced
General McClellan with General
Ambrose Burnside.
• Burnside rushed to beat General
Lee’s army in Northern Virginia,
reaching the Rappahannock River
opposite Fredericksburg in
November 1862.
• On December 13, 1862, Burnside and the
Union army launched a foolish frontal
assault on the Confederate army.
• Heavy Federal casualties led to Burnside
being replaced by Major General Joseph
Hooker.
• Hooker was just as incompetent as
Burnside.
• From May 1 to May 4, Lee’s
army delivered a series of
crushing attacks on Hooker’s
forces at Chancellorsville.
• Just after this series of attacks,
nervous Confederate troops
mistakenly shot and wounded
Stonewall Jackson on his return
from a mission.
• He died a few days later.
• However, the
greatest battle
of the war
started near
Gettysburg.
• Day 1 of battle
• Confederates forced Union troops back from the
town to Cemetery Hill.
• Day 2 of battle
• Confederates took several key locations along
Cemetery Ridge before Union troops pushed
them back to their previous positions.
• Day 3 of battle
• Lee’s fateful mistake
• As the Confederate infantry marched out for
battle, the Union artillery and Federal riflemen
tore apart the Southerners,
• July 4, one day after Gettysburg, Vicksburg
the last major Confederate strong hold on
the Mississippi surrendered to Ulysses S.
Grant.
• Grant devised a brilliant plan to take
Vicksburg calling for rapid maneuvering
and expert coordination
• Grant had his twenty-thousand Union
troops ferried across the Mississippi from
the Louisiana side of Vicksburg.
• On May 22, 1863, Grant settled down
in front of the city and cut it off
completely.
• Many native American tribes in the
Trans-Mississippi West spent much
of the war battling Federal troops for
more territory and resources.
War Transforms the
North
• President Lincoln began using his executive
authority by ordering the seizure of telegrams to
intercept messages to the South.
• Lincoln also suspended the writ of habeas corpus
(the constitutional requirement that protects a
defendant against illegal imprisonment).
• This suspension allowed authorities to hold
suspects indefinitely and was permitted by the
Constitution “when in cases of Rebellion or
invasion the public safety”.
• Copperheads were Northern
democrats who were suspected of
aiding the Confederate cause during
the war.
• Radical Republicans were a small
group that favored the abolishment
of slavery at the beginning of the
war then advocated harsh treatment
of the defeated South.
• Homestead Act was passed by Congress in
May of 1862, providing 160 acres of free
land to settlers in exchange for improving
that land within five years.
• Land Grant College Act was passed by
Congress in July of 1862 awarding
proceeds from the sale of public lands to
the states for the establishment of
agricultural and mechanical colleges.
Conscription
• In 1862, the Confederacy passed a
conscription law; In 1863, the Union did
the same.
• South -
ALL able-bodied white men, ages 18-35. Wealthy
draftees hired substitute soldiers to serve in their place;
planters w/ 20 or more slaves were exempt from the draft.
• North – Ages 20-45; allowed draftees to hire substitute
soldiers; could pay $300 to avoid draft altogether.
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Bounties – cash payment to volunteers
46,000 soldiers went into army, 87,000 paid the ‘300 to avoid the draft,
118,000 provided substitute soldiers.
• 92% of the Union army out of 2 million were volunteers
Draft Riots
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July 13-16
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Worst draft riot occurred in New York City, when mostly
Irish mobs protesting conscription burned the federal
marshal’s headquarters.
•
Racial and class antagonisms fueled the riots by fighting
police and attaching homes owned by the wealthy,
lynching 11 African Americans, and burned down a black
orphanage.
• Over 100 people died
The Northern Economy
• Despite the war, the Northern
economy grew stronger.
• High tariffs and massive federal
spending made up for the loss of
Southern markets and the closing of
the Mississippi River.
• Railroads were the most profitable
businesses.
Northern Women and
War
• Over 100,000 women took jobs
working in factories. Sewing rooms
and arsenals during the Civil War.
• Women also took over serving as
nurses, which use to be job
dominated by men.
• Women were also left widowed and
financially devastated.
• Clara Barton
was one of the
most notable
nurses during
the war.
• 1st women to
work at U.S.
Patent Office.
The Confederacy
Disintegrates
• Southerners started to turn on each other.
• President Davis did not have party loyalty like
Lincoln, because there was no party affiliation in
the Confederacy.
• The South had totally run out of resources to
continue fighting.
• People ate rats and mules to supplement
their diets.
• During the war women and children who
were left behind used rags and newspaper
to line their clothes to keep warm in the
winter.
• Confederate money was worthless.
Southern women and
war
• As the war continued, Southern women took on
more work at home and in the workplace.
• Some women served as nurses and even spies.
• Towards the end of the war, many women helped
their husbands escape from the Confederacy.
• Religious women blamed God for destroying the
South, not the Union.
The Union Prevails
• March of 1864, Lincoln names
General Grant as commander of all
Union armies.
• Grant’s Plan to end the war
• Directed Union armies to Virginia and
Lower South to attack on all front
simultaneously.
• Waged nonstop warfare
• Overall, Grant’s
plan worked but at
a high cost.
• Election of 1864
• McClellan (D) V.
Lincoln (R)
• Republican victory
• Thirteenth
Amendment – 1865
that freed slaves
throughout the
United States.
• Sherman’s March
• Sherman took Atlanta,
promising to break
Confederate
resistance for the last
time by marching his
army to the sea and
destroying everything
in its path.
• March too place on
November 15, 1864
• Sixty thousand men
encountered little
resistance.
• Sherman’s March
ended in March of
1865, in Goldsboro,
NC.
• Behind Sherman
and his army lay
425 miles of barren
land from
Savannah to
Goldsboro.
• On March 13, 1865, the Confederate
Congress passed a bill to enlist
black soldiers without a provision
offering them freedom.
• However, President Davis promised
immediate freedom to those who
enlisted.
• April 1, 1865, Lee was
forced to abandon
Petersburg and
Richmond.
•
Grant stopped Lee’s
escape at Appomattox
Court House, Virginia, on
April 7.
•
April 9, Lee surrendered
and Grant let Lee’s men
go home unmolested.
• April 14, 1865 Lincoln
went to Ford’s Theatre
to see the comedy “Our
American Cousin.”
• During the
performance Booth
shot and wounded
Lincoln.
• Union soldiers tracked
down Booth and killed
him.
• There were mixed emotions
about the assassination