Transcript File - American History to 1877

Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
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Lincoln’s 10% Plan
Wade-Davis Bill
13th Amendment
Andrew Johnson
Black Codes
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Freedmen’s Bureau
Impeach
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
Sharecropping
Ku Klux Klan
Compromise of 1877
April 14, 1865—Lincoln Shot
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
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The Assassin—John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
Wanted!!
“Now He Belongs to the Ages”
The Execution of Four CoConspirators
RESULTS OF THE CIVIL
WAR—THE AFTERMATH
Over 618,000 Military Deaths
During Civil War
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties in
Comparison to Other Wars
Property Damage in the South
►Atlanta—
Aftermath of
Sherman’s
March
Property Damage – Atlanta
Property Damage—Atlanta—First
Union Station, 1864
Property Damage in the South—
Result of Sherman’s March
Property Damage in the South
– The Aftermath of War and Emancipation
 The devastated
South
Charleston, SC 1865
(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)
Property Damage in the South—
Richmond, VA.
Property Damage in the South—
North Carolina
Property Damage—North Carolina
Essential Question
► What
was the impact of
southern Reconstruction?
Reconstruction
State of the South
Questions of Reconstruction
► How
to rebuild the
South after the Civil
War?
► How
to readmit the
Confederate states
to the Union?
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

10% Plan
*
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8,
1863)
*
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.
*
He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.
*
Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian
Confederate officers.
*
When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had
taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it
would be recognized.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Proposed by Republicans in
Congress
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required 50% of the number
of 1860 voters to take an “iron
clad” oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never
voluntarily aided the rebellion
).
 Required a state constitutional
convention before the election
of state officials.
 Enacted specific safeguards of
freedmen’s liberties.
Congressman
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
13th Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as punishment for crime whereof
the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
 ABOLISHED SLAVERY!!!
Andrew Johnson
► Democrat
► From
Tennessee
► Remained
loyal to
the Union when TN
seceded
► White
supremacist
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
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In order for a Confederate
state to rejoin the Union
they had to do the
following:
Write a new state
Constitution
Elect a new state
government
Repeal the act of secession
Cancel all war debts
against the Union
Ratify the 13th
Amendment which
abolished slavery.
President Johnson’s Plan
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with
property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named provisional governors in Confederate states and
called them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back
to political power to control state organizations.
3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite
were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
 Many Southern state constitutions
fell short of minimum
requirements.
 Johnson granted 13,500 special
pardons.
 Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES
Black Codes
 Purpose:
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Guarantee stable labor
supply now that slaves
were emancipated.
Restore pre-emancipation
system of race relations.
Restrict freedom of freed
slaves
Forced many freed slaves to
become sharecroppers
[tenant farmers].
Black Codes
► Southern
laws which
limited African
American rights in
the South
► Intended
to keep
African Americans in
a condition of
slavery
The Black Codes
► The
black codes served three purposes.
► 1-To limit the rights of freedmen.
► After the war former slaves were given the
right to marry, own property, work for
wages, & sue in court.
► However they could not vote or serve on
juries in the South.
The Black Codes
► 2-To
help planters find workers to replace
their slaves.
► These codes required freedmen to work.
► If they did not have jobs they were arrested
and hired out to planters.
The Black Codes
► 3-To
keep freedmen at the bottom of the
social order in the South.
► Segregation in public places
Civil Rights Act of 1866
► This
act struck back at the Black Codes by
declaring all freedmen to be full citizens with the
same rights as whites.
► To ensure this act was followed Congress passed
the 14th Amendment, which declared former
slaves to be citizens with full civil rights
► “No state, shall…deny to any person…the equal
protection of the laws.”
Radical Republicans
► Opposed
plan
► Led
Johnson’s
by Thaddeus
Stevens
Fourteenth Amendment
► June
1866
► Granted
citizenship
to all persons born
or naturalized in
the United States
Military Reconstruction Act
(1867)
► Passed
by
Congress
► Divided
the
South in five
military districts
► Union
general
was in charge of
each district
Military Reconstruction Act
► New
state
constitutions
► Right
males
► Must
to vote for all
ratify the 14th
amendment
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
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The President must issue all Reconstruction
orders through
the commander of the military.
 Tenure of Office Act
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The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without
the Senate’s consent, if the position
originally required Senate approval.
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
 A question of the
constitutionality of this law.
Edwin Stanton,
Secretary of War
Fifteenth Amendment
► March 1870
► Right
to vote cannot
be denied “on account
of race, color, or
previous condition of
servitude”
► Its
purpose was to
protect the right of
African American men
to vote.
Freedmen’s Bureau
► Need
for food
and shelter for
freed slaves
► Many
settled on
plantation lands
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands.
 Many former northern
abolitionists risked their
lives to help southern
freedmen.
 Called “carpetbaggers”
by white southern
Democrats.
Freedmen’s Bureau
► Task
of feeding and
clothing former
slaves
► Find
work for them
► Negotiate
contracts
► Began
labor
education
Freedmen’s Bureau
► Helped
poor whites as well
► Provided
people
medical care for over 1 million
Freedmen’s Bureau
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen
Through
Southern
Eyes
Plenty to eat
and nothing
to do.
Reconstruction Act (1867)
Proposed by:
Radical Republicans
Conditions for former
Confederate states to
rejoin Union:
► Must disband state
governments.
► Must write new
constitutions.
► Must ratify the
Fourteenth
Amendment.
► African Americans
must be allowed to
vote.
Impeachment of Johnson
► Johnson
vetoed
every policy from
Congress
► Congress
overrode his
vetoes
Edwin Stanton
► Opposed
Johnson’s lenient policies towards
Southern states
► President Johnson tried to replace him
► Led House of Representatives to impeach
Johnson
Impeachment of Johnson (1868)
► House
of
Representatives voted
for his impeachment
► Senate
on trial
► Final
put Johnson
vote – one vote
shy of removing him
from office
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
If my blood is to be shed
because I vindicate the Union
and the preservation of this
government in its original
purity and character, let it be
shed; let an altar to the Union
be erected, and then, if it is
necessary, take me and lay me
upon it, and the blood that
now warms and animates my
existence shall be poured out
as a fit libation to the Union.
(February 1866)
Sharecropping
► New
system for
agriculture
► Tenant
farmers paid
rent with a share of
their crops
Sharecropping
► Landlords
–
landowners who
control
sharecroppers
► Crop
liens – crops
taken to cover
debts
Sharecropping
► Sharecroppers
became trapped
because farmers
could not pay
their debts
► Debt
peonage
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
Black & White Political Participation
Establishment of Historically
Black Colleges in the South
Blacks in Southern Politics
 Core voters were black veterans.
 Blacks were politically unprepared.
 Blacks could register and vote in states since
1867.
 The 15th
Amendment
guaranteed
federal voting.
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that they
were not granted the vote!
Voting restrictions for
African Americans
•Poll Taxes: required voters to pay a fee each time they
voted…
Freedmen could rarely afford to vote.
•Literacy Tests: required voters to read in order to vote.
Freedmen had little education.
•Grandfather Clauses: If voters father or grandfather
had been eligible to vote in 1867 the voter did not have
to take the literacy test.
This increased the number of eligible white voters.
Republican Rule
Republicans in the South
► By
1870, all former
Confederate states
had joined the Union
► Republicans
held
political power
► Included
freed slaves,
northerners, poor
whites
Carpetbaggers
► Northerners
moving
into the South
► Became
politics
involved in
Scalawags
► White
southerners
who worked with
Republicans and
supported
Reconstruction
African Americans
► First
led by the
educated
► Many
who lived in the
North and had fought
for the Union army
► Became
politics
involved in
African Americans Vote
Slowly Southern states
held elections in which
Freedmen voted
► These elections usually
produced Republican
state governments
► For the first time
African Americans were
elected to local, state
and federal offices
►
Hiram Revels, the first
African American elected to
the U.S. Senate
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodis
play.pl?index=R000166
The “Invisible Empire of the
South”
Ku Klux Klan
► Started
in 1866 by
Nathaniel Bedford
Forrest
► Secret
► Mostly
society
former
Confederate
soldiers
► White Supremists
Goals of the KKK
► Drive
out
carpetbaggers
► Regain
control of
the South for the
Democratic Party
► Use
terror
Tactics of the KKK
►
Broke up Republican
meetings
►
Harassed Freedmen’s
Bureau workers
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Burned homes, churches,
schools
►
Kept Republicans (white
and black) from voting
Letter to the U.S. Senate
“We believe you are not familiar with the
description of the Ku Klux Klan’s riding
nightly over the country, going from
county to county, and in the county towns
spreading terror wherever they go by
robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing
our people without provocation . . . We
pray you will take some steps to remedy
these evils.”
Ku Klux Klan Act
► Passed
in 1871
by Congress
► Outlawed
activities
of the Klan
► Federal
arrests
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Crime for any individual to deny full &
equal use of public conveyances and
public places.
 Prohibited discrimination in jury
selection.
 Shortcoming  lacked a strong
enforcement mechanism.
 No new civil rights act was attempted
for 90 years!
Compromise of 1877
► 1876
– presidential
election
► Republican
–
Rutherford B. Hayes
► Democrat
Tilden
– Samuel
Compromise of 1877
► Election
results
disputed in three
southern states
► Results
decided by
Congress
► Rutherford
B. Hayes
won with the support
of southern Democrats
End of Reconstruction
►
April 1877
►
Hayes pulled federal
troops out of the South
Southern Democrats took
control of all state
legislatures
► The end of Reconstruction
led to a drastic reduction
of rights for African
Americans
►
Jim Crow Laws
► Southern
states
create laws to
segregate public
space
Questions for Discussion
►What
were the principal
questions facing the nation at
the end of the Civil War?
Questions to Consider
►What
were the achievements of
Reconstruction?
►Where
did it fail and why?
Questions to Consider
►What
new problems arose int eh South
as the North’s interest in
Reconstruction waned?
Questions to Consider
►What
was the Compromise of
1877, and how did it affect
Reconstruction?
Questions to Consider
►How
did the New South differ from
the South before the Civil War?