Transcript The Civil War

The Road to
Civil War
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Supposed to settle issue of slavery in new
western territories
Compromise favored the AntiSlave folks (Abolitionists)
It was not strictly followed
The Problem?
California splits the 36º30’ line from the MO
Compromise.
The Solution:
1. CA enters as a Free State
2. NM has no restrictions on
slavery (no duh, they are
under the 36º30’ anyways)
3. Slave Trade (NOT slavery) is
outlawed in DC
4. Congress will pass a more
strict Fugitive Slave Law
So,look
what’s
theFugitive
next Conflict?
Let’s
at that
Slave Law
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
•It required ALL citizens to help catch
runaway slaves
•The Act actually convinced more
Northerners to oppose slavery
•Northern juries refused to convict those
who broke the law
•But, the law did have influential supporters
in the North like Franklin Pierce (President)
Let the People decide the slavery issue?
Next
HotAND
Button
Issue . . .
KANSAS
NEBRASKA
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Both KS and NE wanted in
as states
Both states are above the
36º30’ line
Both states would therefore be
free states
Enter Stephen A.
Douglas of Illinois
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Douglas had money tied up in the
Railroad
He also wanted to be President in
the near future
He figured he needed Southern support
for that run
So, here is the idea Douglas comes up with
Throw out the Missouri Compromise
Let the people decide the issue of slavery for themselves
(popular sovereignty)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
He figures that the people moving
into these territories will not vote for
slavery
But, he’s allowed the people to
decide which the South would
support
And he has done away with the
unpopular and ineffective
Missouri Compromise
Bleeding Kansas
In 1855, KS elects a pro-slavery legislature with
the help of thousands of Border Ruffians,
people who crossed the border just to vote
This government kept anti-slavery
people out of office and they had
no voice
Then, the anti-slavery folks formed
another government and violence
erupted
Bleeding Kansas
John Brown and his family murdered
4 pro-slavery folks in the night but,
there was this on both sides
Unfortunately, Congress was
split over the issue and nothing
was done to stop the violence
Finally, troops were sent in and order
restored – sort of
The Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott was a slave who was taken
with his family to free territory and
then back to the South
He took his case to the Supreme Court to argue
that since he lived in “free” territory, he should be
a free man
The Supreme Court ruled against him.
Dred Scott
The Court, led by slaveholder Roger B.
Taney, ruled against Dred Scott for two
reasons
First was that Dred Scott was not considered a citizen (since he
was a slave) and therefore had no standing in court (could not
sue).
Second was that slaves were considered property and only their
owner could grant freedom. The govn’t can’t just take away your
property
The Election of 1860
The Republicans
(newly formed and
anti-slavery)
nominated Abraham
Lincoln
Northern Democrats (popular
sovereignty decides slavery)
nominated
Stephen Douglas
Pro-slavery
Southern Democrats
nominated
John C. Breckinridge
Constitutional Union Party (neutral on slavery) nominated
John Bell
The Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln won the election
without carrying a single Southern
state. He wasn’t even on the ballot
for most of them! He did win all
Northern states.
The writing was clearly on the wall for the South.
They could not overcome Northern (anti-slave)
power.
Southern Reaction
Lincoln and the Republicans promised not to
disturb slavery, but many in the South didn’t
trust them.
On December 20, 1860,
South Carolina became the
first state to secede from
the Union!
Southern Reaction
The stage was set for the formation of the Confederate States
of America when in February of 1861, TX, LA, MS, AL, FL and GA
joined SC.
Later that year, AR, TN, NC and VA made it
11 states to join the CSA.
The Confederate States of America
Which Is the real flag of the CSA?
The Confederate States of America
Which Is the real flag of the CSA?
First flag
“Stars and Bars”
Battle
Flag
Second National
Flag
Navy Jack
“Rebel” Flag
Third National
Flag
The Confederate States of America
The CSA claimed it had the right to secede
because of States Rights
The federal government, in their mind, had
refused to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act and
thus had given the CSA states the right to
leave the Union.
On February 4, 1861, representatives met in
Montgomery, AL to form a new government
and elected
Jefferson Davis as their President
The Civil War Begins
Back in Charleston, the new CSA
threatened to bombard Fort Sumter
South Carolina had given the
commander of the fort orders to
leave the harbor just outside of
Charleston
President Lincoln refused to recall his troops and SC troops
bombarded the installation on April 12, 1861. The Federal fort was
surrendered on the 14th and the Civil War had begun.
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Who’s In and Who’s Out?
•Lincoln issued a call for troops in response to
Fort Sumter’s surrender
•Because of this, Tennessee, Arkansas, Virginia
and North Carolina all joined the Confederacy
•The Border States of Missouri, Kentucky,
Maryland and Delaware stayed with the
Union (some more by force than choice)
The Civil War (1861-1865)
The Border States
The Border States were Slave States
but Lincoln needed them too much
Missouri and Kentucky
•Protected Union farmland to the North
•They helped control the MS and OH Rivers
Maryland
•w/o it, DC would be surrounded by the CSA
Delaware
•Protects the ports of Philadelphia
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Here’s a tough question
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Why?
Union or Confederacy?
Who had the advantage in the War?
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Union Advantages
The Union had larger population
More troops means the Union can withstand
more casualties and overcome poor military
leadership
The Union had more industry
This means more weapons and
ammunition
Abraham Lincoln
Like him or not, the Union
couldn’t have won without his
leadership.
Confederate Advantages
The CSA had a cause
Much like our Revolution, the people were
fighting to be free from an oppressive
government
Military Leadership
The South had more trained officers and
more trained troops who had just finished
fighting against Mexican troops
Plus, the CSA had “home field advantage”
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Union war plan – Anaconda Plan
#1 Blockade the Confederate Coastline
This keeps the troop movement slow and
keeps the South from exporting cotton
=
=
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Union war plan
#2 Control the Mississippi River
This cuts off the “West” from the
rest of the CSA
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Confederate war plan
It was a simple one-part plan
Fight a “defensive” war. Make it difficult enough for the
Union to take them back, the Union would simply get tired
of fighting and recognize the CSA as a new nation.
Besides, they didn’t have the troop numbers
to go on the “offensive.”
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Who were these two sides?
The Confederates were broken into two major Armies
The Army of Tennessee
•This was the combination of the Armies of Kentucky,
Mississippi and Tennessee
•was headed by a few different Generals
•Fought mostly in the Western Campaigns
The Army of Northern Virginia
•Eventually was headed by Robert E. Lee
•Fought mostly in the Eastern Campaigns
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Who were these two sides?
The Union was broken into two major Armies as well
The Army of the Tennessee
•Fought in the Western Theater
•Most notably headed by Generals Grant
and Sherman
The Army of the Potomac
•Lincoln’s main Army
•Fought mostly in the Eastern Campaigns
•Headed by a bunch of men - finally Grant
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Early Years (1861-1862)
Some Early Battles and their importance
Date
July 1861
April
1862
April
1862
Who Won?
CSA
Union
Union
Battle
Significance
First Bull Run
or Manassas
First major battle of Civil War
Both sides disorganized
Stonewall Jackson - Confederate hero
CSA can’t capitalize on Union retreat
Shiloh
General Grant emerges as leader in West
CSA wins 1st day, but reinforcements from Nashville
help Union pull it out
From here, the Union takes Corinth, MS and Memphis
– starts control of MS River
New Orleans
David Farragut – Union Naval hero
Union capture of city gives them total control of MS
River and keeps the CSA from using it to ship goods
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Early Years (1861-1862)
Some Early Battles and their importance
Date
March
1862
August
1862
Sept.
1862
Who Won?
Battle
Significance
CSA
Peninsular
Campaign
McClellan wastes too much time training and
building his troops
Robert E. Lee takes command of CSA troops – Army
of Virginia
Union fails to capture Richmond
CSA
2nd Bull Run or
Manassas
Stonewall Jackson / Lee vs John Pope
Richmond safe for now
CSA pushes to 20 miles from DC
Antietam
(Maryland)
Lee goes on the offensive to try to get aid from England
or France with a win
McClellan had actually found Lee’s plans, but was too
cautious to act on them
Union wins (barely), but McClellan replaced
Union
Top 5 Battles in Terms of Casualties
Date
Death Toll
Battle / Total
Sept. 17 1862
12,410 U
13,724 C
Antietam
26,134
May 8-19
1864
18,399 U
9,000 C
Spotsylvania
27,399
May 1-4 1863
17,278 U
12,821 C
Chancellorsville
30,099
Sept 19-20
1863
16,170 U
18,454 C
Chickamauga
34,624
July 1-3 1863
23,049 U
28,063 C
Gettysburg
51,112
Death
Tolls
Did You Know?
Dog Tags came
from the Civil
War
Because the death toll was so
high, soldiers printed their
names and addresses on
handkerchiefs or paper, which
they pinned to their clothing
before going into battle.
Civil War Firsts that you may not have
known!
These things occurred for the first time
during our Civil War
Machine gun
Steel Ships
Submarine
Snorkel breathing device
Anti-aircraft fire
Cigarette Tax
Commissioned Army Chaplains
Department of Justice (CSA)
Electronically exploded bombs
Flame Throwers
According to
The Civil War: Strange and
Fascinating Facts
by Burke Davis
Medal of Honor
Naval Torpedoes
Black US Army Officer
(Major M.R. Delaney)
Battle Photography
Repeating Rifles
“Taps”
Income Tax
US Secret Service
Anesthesia for surgery
NO, YOU DIDN’T KNOW THEM ALL!!!!
Lincoln
and his
commanders
George McClellan
Irvin McDowell
Ambrose Burnside
TOO SLOW
Too Inexperienced
Guess what we got from him?
Joe Hooker
Not your most
upstanding figure
Lincoln and his
commanders
George Meade
He was the last real
Commander of the
Army of the Potomac
And Finally in 1864
Ulysses S. Grant
Commander of Federal Troops
Abraham Lincoln
The Great Emancipator
Early Views on Slavery
Remember that Lincoln and most Republicans were for a
gradual end to slavery.
His main concern was with the Border States who still
owned slaves.
As the war moved on, the North saw slavery as helping
the Confederate cause.
Abraham Lincoln
The Great Emancipator
The Times They are a Changin’
There was growing pressure from Free Blacks and
Abolitionists in the North.
Lincoln also needs a way to keep England and France
out of this war.
He also wanted the President to make a stand on
slavery, not the Congress.
Abraham Lincoln
The Great Emancipator
The Emancipation Proclamation
After victory at Antietam, Lincoln announced his
intention to free the slaves of the South. On January 1,
1863 he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, stating:
“. . . all persons held as slaves within any state . . . in
rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free.”
Emancipation Proclamation
What did it do?
DID IT FREE THE SLAVES IN THE UNION?
NO! The Border States kept their slaves because they
weren’t “in rebellion.”
DID IT FREE THE SLAVES IN THE SOUTH?
NOT REALLY Remember, the CSA isn’t listening to
Lincoln because they are “in rebellion” DUH
Emancipation Proclamation
What did it do?
DID IT GIVE BLACKS AND SLAVES HOPE?
YES, any slave who made it to Union controlled
territory was set free and over 100,000 did just that.
Furthermore, there were about 200,000 African
Americans who served in the Union Armies and
Navies.
You may have seen this
movie which is about the
54th Massachusetts A
regiment that was All-Black
(except the commanding
officers)
Many of them were killed leading a failed Union raid
of Fort Wagner outside of Charleston, SC in 1863.
Emancipation Proclamation
What did it do?
Slaves wouldn’t get freedom until much later
In the 13th Amendment, slavery was ended, but that
was in 1865.
And yet, this may be Lincoln’s most brilliant maneuver
in the Civil War?
YOU BET! England and France couldn’t sell support
of the CSA to their own people who were also
against slavery.
Without freeing a single slave,
Abraham Lincoln had officially
changed the Civil War into being
about ending slavery.
The Civil War (1861-1865)
Things are going good for the
Confederates, or are they?
Fredericksburg (December 1862)
The Confederates are outnumbered, but easily defeat
Ambrose Burnside. He resigns after the loss.
Chancellorsville (May 1863)
Now, Lee takes on Joseph Hooker. The CSA wins, but
Stonewall Jackson is wounded by his own men and dies a
week later. BIG LOSS
These help Lee feel he should invade the North – it may
bring in Britain and France
The Civil War (1861-1865)
The Blue Years (1863-1865)
Battles that begin the end and their importance
Date
July
1863
Who Won?
Union
May –
July
1863
Union
Nov
1863
Union
Battle
Significance
Gettysburg
This was the heaviest loss in lives of the Civil War
(over 51,000)
Known for Pickett’s Charge – a very costly military
mistake
With this loss, Lee would never be able to invade the
North again
BIG TURNING POINT IN THE WAR
Vicksburg
Grant lays siege on the town for a month
Union victory gains control of the MS River
Cuts off TX & AR – The CSA Food Source
Chattanooga
Braxton Bragg (CSA) loses the important rail center,
but plans to starve the Union forces out
The Civil War (1861-1865)
The Blue Years (1863-1865)
Battles that begin the end and their importance
Date
July –
Sept
1864
Aug
1864
Who Won?
Union
Union
18641865
Union
April 9,
1865
Union
Battle
Significance
Atlanta
Start point for Sherman’s March to the Sea (Savannah)
– introducing the idea of Total War
Mobile Bay
David Farragut leads Union Navy into bay and finally gives
Union total control of the Gulf of Mexico
News of this victory helps Lincoln win the 1864 election
Petersburg
Grant attacks this important rail center near Richmond
for months
Eventually forces retreat of Lee’s troops
Appomattox Court Lee surrenders to Grant
House
Other CSA armies will surrender soon