Transcript The Furnace of Civil War

The Furnace of Civil War
1861-1865
Chapter 21
Bull Run (Manassas Junction)
• The North expected a
quick victory
• Lincoln and Northern
Army defeated July
21, 1861 @ Bull Run
• Psychological and
political victory for
the South
George McClellan
• 1861 – After Bull
Run, Lincoln gives
McClellan control of
the Army of the
Potomac
• Good organizer and
drillmaster
• Perfectionist who
wouldn’t take risks
• Too cautious
Seven Days’ Battles
• June 26 – July 2, 1862
• McClellan finally attacks the South toward
Richmond
• Lee counterattacks McClellan and drove the
North back to the coast
• UNION strategy becomes TOTAL WAR
– 1 – suffocate the South w/ blockade
– 2 – liberate slaves to undermine South’s
economy
The War at Sea
• The Northern sea blockades were concentrated at the principal ports.
• Blockade was the chief offensive weapon of Britain. Britain did not
want to tie its hands in a future war with the U.S. by insisting that
Lincoln maintain impossibly high blockading standards.
• In order to combat the strong blockades, ships were developed to run
through them. Some fast ships had the capability of running through
blockades in order to make profits transporting cotton. These ships
were able to break the blockades up until the latter part of the war
when blockades were strengthened.
• In 1862, the Confederates created the Merrimack, renamed the
Virginia. It was an old U.S. wooden ship that was plated with metal
armor. It was a great threat to the Northern blockades because it had
the ability to crush through the wooden ships.
• On March 9, 1862, the Union ironclad, the Monitor, and the
Confederate Merrimack met and fought to a standstill.
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
• In 1863 Lincoln
declares that all slaves
in Confederate States
still in rebellion are
free.
• Did not free a single
slave.
Blacks Battle Bondage
Lee Towards Gettysburg
• Lincoln replaced
McClellan with A.E.
Burnside after loss at
Antietam
• Dec. 13, 1862 –
Fredericksburg
(Southern victory)
• May 2-4, 1862 –
Chancellorsville
(Southern victory)
Lee Toward Gettysburg
• Lee wanted to follow big victories with an
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invasion of the North through Pennsylvania
Gettysburg – General George Meade in
charge of Union troops
92,000 Blue
76,000 Gray
July 1-3, 1863 – Union victory broke the
heart of the Confederate charge
The War in the West
William Tecumseh Sherman
• U.S. Grant takes
control of Union
Army
• Grant wins at
Vicksburg
• Georgia was open to
invasion
• Gen. William
Tecumseh Sherman
led Union forces to
Atlanta in Sept. 1864
Sherman’s Tear Through The
South
• Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground in
November 1864
• Cut a 60 mile path of horror from Atlanta to
Savannah burning everything in his way
• Burned, stole, pillaged, and destroyed
Georgia
• Sherman made it up through SC and into
NC by the war’s end
The Politics of War
Election of 1864
• Republicans joined with War Democrats to
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temporarily create the Union Party
Lincoln candidate for president
Andrew Johnson (TN) to be vice-president
Soldiers sent to oversee voting (and ensure
people voted for Lincoln)
Lincoln defeats George McClellan
212-21 in Electoral College
Ulysses S. Grant
• 100,000 men under
Grant set out for
Richmond
• Cornered Lee at
Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia
• Lee surrenders in
April 1865
Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865
• 5 days after Lee’s
surrender
• John Wilkes Booth, a
pro-Southern actor,
shot Lincoln in the
head
• Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, D.C.
The Civil War
• 600,000 total dead
• 1,000,000 killed or wounded
• The USA lost the heart of its young male
population
• $15 Billion cost of war
The Ordeal Of Reconstruction
1865-1877
Chapter 22
Reconstruction
• The challenge: How to reunite the nation?
• South was physically destroyed by war, and
revolutionized socially by the emancipation
of the slaves
• Jefferson Davis was arrested and
imprisoned for two years, eventually
released
Reconstruction
• All rebel leaders were pardoned by Andrew
Johnson Dec. 25, 1868
• A CIVILIZATION HAD COLLAPSED
• The economic and social order of the South
had been crushed!
• Banks and businesses closed, runaway
inflation, factories closed, and
transportation was completely broken down
Reconstruction
• Agriculture was almost hopelessly crippled
• Slave-labor system collapsed
• Not until 1870 did the South produce 1860
harvest numbers (because of new western
farms)
• Planter aristocrats humbled
• Lost investment and capital of slaves –
worthless land
Black Churches Spring Up
Black Baptist Church –
500,000 members by
1870
• African Methodist
Episcopal Church –
400,000 members by
1870
The Freedmen’s Bureau
• Primitive welfare organization to provide
food, clothing, medical care, and education
for blacks and poor whites.
• Bureau taught 200,000 blacks to read and
write
Andrew Johnson
• Lincoln’s Union Party running mate to gain
support of War Democrats
• Intelligent, able, forceful, honest, devoted to
duty and people
• Champion of states’ rights
• buried with a copy of the Constitution
Presidential Reconstruction
“10 percent” of voters from the 1860
presidential election had to take an oath of
loyalty and the state could be readmitted to
the Union
• Johnson agreed with Lincoln’s plan
• Radical Republican tried to push the WadeDavis Bill through Congress– called for
50% to take the oath
• Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill
Reconstruction Republicans
• 1- Moderate Group – (majority)
• Majority of Republicans agreed with Lincoln to
restore states as quickly as possible (10% plan)
• 2 – Radical Group (minority)
• Believed South should suffer punishment before
being restored
• Radicals wanted to uproot Southern structure,
punish planters, and protect blacks with federal
power
Black Codes
• Laws designed to
regulate affairs of
emancipated blacks
• Aim: to ensure a stable
and subservient
workforce
• Created tough work
contracts with severe
penalties to keep
blacks in their place
Congressional Reconstruction
• 3/5 Compromise abolished with 13th, 14th
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and 15th Amendments
Blacks now 5/5 of a person – 1 whole
South had more political power
Dec. 6, 1865 – Johnson announces that
South had met requirements for re-entry
Congress vehemently disagreed
Johnson’s Clash with Congress
• March 1866 – Civil Rights Bill – passed by
Republicans, which gave blacks American
citizenship and struck against Black Codes
• Johnson vetoes the bill
• April 1866 – Congress overrides Johnson’s
veto
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14
Amendment
• 1- conferred rights, citizenship (no vote), to
blacks
• 2 – reduced proportion of representation if a
state refused blacks the right to vote
• 3 – disqualified former Confederate leaders
from holding office who served then
seceded.
• 4 – guaranteed the federal debt, and
repudiated Southern debt
Radical Republican Leaders
Senator Charles Sumner
Congressman Thaddeus Stevens
Radicals
• Radicals wanted to keep the South out of
the House and Senate as long as possible to
keep federal power
• They wanted to bring drastic change to the
South’s society and economy
Military Reconstruction Act
1867
• South broken
into 5 military
districts
• Each
commanded by a
Union general
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15
Amendment
• Passed by Congress in 1869
• Ratified in 1870
• Gave adult black males the right to vote
• By 1877, all federal forces leave the South
• “Stolen Election”
Blanche K. Bruce
• 1868-1876
• 14 black congressmen
• 2 black senators
• Hiram Revels and
Blanche K. Bruce
become Senators from
Mississippi
The Ku Klux Klan
• # of secret societies
are formed in post-war
South
• “Invisible Empire of
the South” or KKK
• Founded in Tennessee
in 1866 by Nathan
Bedford Forrest – exConfederate officer
Nathan Bedford Forrest
• Flogged, mutilated, and
murdered many
• Tried to keep blacks from
exercising their new
freedoms
• Force Acts (1870-1871) –
federal troops given
permission to stamp out
secret societies – KKK too
well organized
Impeachment
• Congress was annoyed
by Johnson’s
obstruction and vetoes
• Tenure of Office Act –
1867 – kept president
from firing cabinet
members
• Johnson fired Edwin
M. Stanton in 1868
Impeachment
• US House votes 126-47 to impeach Johnson
for “high crimes and misdemeanors”
• Articles of impeachment for disgrace,
ridicule, hatred, contempt and reproach
• Johnson NOT impeached by Senate by a
margin of one vote
Alaska
• 1867 – Russian Alaska
had been over hunted
and became an
economic liability for
Russia
• Secretary of State
William Seward
signed a treaty to buy
Alaska for $7.2
million
• “Seward’s Folly” was
ridiculed