Transcript disunity in the South – skip two lines Copperheads – skip one

(Copy the following 17.2 Class Notes chart on Portfolio p127)
1. disunity in the South – skip two lines
2. Copperheads – skip one line
3. Lincoln’s response to Copperheads – skip two lines
4. Confederacy’s conscription policy – skip two lines
5. Union’s conscription policy – skip two lines
6. bounty – skip one line
7. New York draft riots – skip one line
8. food shortages – skip one line
9. inflation – skip one line
10. impact of the war on the Union economy – skip two lines
11. examples of slave resistance –skip two lines
12. effects of the Emancipation Proclamation –
Lesson 17.2a – The War at Home
Today we will explain how the
Civil War affected civilians.
Vocabulary
• Copperhead – Northerner who wanted peace with
the Confederacy instead of victory in the war
• civilian – anyone who is not in the military
• conscription – forced service in the military
• bounty – cash bonus paid for enlisting
• inflation – increase in prices due to a decrease in
the value of money
• income tax – a tax on earnings
• greenback – paper money printed by the Union
during the Civil War
What is an income tax?
An income tax is a tax on earnings, first
adopted during the Civil War.
What was a greenback?
• A greenback was a form of paper currency issued
by the federal government during the Civil War.
What We Already Know
Public opinion
remained
divided in the
North, where
many people
disapproved of
Lincoln and
the war.
What We Already Know
The Northern
economy was
much more
industrialized
than the
Confederacy’s
economy.
What We Already Know
Most of the fighting of the Civil War,
and the worst of the destruction,
would occur on Southern soil.
Disagreements About the War
By 1863, many
Southerners were
growing weary of the
war and its constant
sacrifices.
Disagreements About the War
Food riots had
broken out in several
Southern cities,
including Richmond,
the capital city.
Disagreements About the War
Southern soldiers
deserted the army
in large numbers.
By 1863, the
Confederate army
had shrunk by
almost 40% due to
casualties and
desertion.
Disagreements About the War
Southerners like
Jefferson Davis
believed the
Constitution upheld
the individual
sovereignty and
independence of
states over that of
any central
government.
Disagreements About the War
• The Confederate
states often fell
into disagreement.
• The same
principle of
states’ rights
that led them to
break with the
Union kept them
from coordinating their war
effort.
Disagreements About the War
• Disagreements
over the
conduct of the
war also arose
in the North.
• Lincoln’s main
opponents were
the Copperheads, Northern
Democrats who
favored peace
with the South.
Disagreements About the War
President
Lincoln had
protesters
arrested and
suspended the
writ of habeas
corpus, which
prevents the
government from
holding citizens
without a trial.
Get your
fingers ready!
7. What did Southerners like Jefferson
Davis believe the Constitution said about
the rights of states?
A. The constitution upheld the individual
sovereignty and independence of states.
B. States can secede from the Union, but only
with Congressional approval.
C. The rights of states are based on the
Constitution.
D. Under the Constitution, states may not
secede from the Union under any
circumstances.
8. How did the South’s principle of
states’ rights undermine the
Confederate war effort?
A. The South had few mines to provide natural
resources that the Confederate war effort
required.
B. Each state worked in its own interest,
preventing the coordination of efforts.
C. Each state decided for itself how much of its
mining wealth should be contributed to the
government.
D. Several states seceded from the Confederacy
itself.
What is a Copperhead?
Choose all that are true!
What is a Copperhead?
A. Political opponent of Abraham Lincoln
B. Southerner who favored peace with the
North instead of victory in the war.
C. Political opponent of Jefferson Davis
D. Northerner who favored peace with the
South instead of victory in the war.
E. Person who helped runaway slaves
escape through to the Union lines
Choose all that are true!
9. How did President Lincoln deal
with Copperheads and war protests?
A. He had many war protestors arrested.
B. He tried to win them over to his viewpoint
by using logic and persuasion.
C. He suspended habeas corpus, which
prevents the government from holding
citizens without a trial.
D. He exiled Copperheads and their families to
the Confederacy.
E. He ordered the execution of several leading
Copperheads.
The Draft Laws
As the war dragged on and more soldiers were
needed, the government passed conscription
laws that required men to serve in the military.
The Draft Laws
Both sides
allowed wealthy
men to hire
substitutes to
serve in their
place.
The Draft Laws
• Confederate conscription laws required all
men between 18 and 45 to enlist, with few
exceptions.
• But planters who owned 20 or more slaves
could avoid service in the Confederate army.
• Poor Southerners complained that it was a
“rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”
The Draft Laws
The Union government could afford to offer
bounties to men who volunteered to serve,
and fewer men needed to be drafted.
The Draft Laws
• Even so, the draft
was extremely
unpopular.
• New York City
suffered four days
of riots, during
which rioters
destroyed property,
attacked people on
the streets, and
killed many African
Americans.
Get your
fingers ready!
What is
conscription?
Conscription is
a law that
required men to
serve in the
military.
What is a bounty?
A bounty is a cash payment given by a
government to volunteers who enlisted.
10. How did the draft laws in the
North and South differ?
A. Only the North required all men between 18
and 45 to enlist, with few exceptions.
B. Only the Confederacy allowed draftees to
hire substitutes to serve in their place.
C. The North offered volunteers a bounty of
$300, which led to more volunteers.
D. The Union allowed very wealthy farmers to
be exempt from military service.
Economic Effects of the War
• Food shortages were very common in the
South, because so many farmers were
away fighting in the army.
• Another reason for the shortages was that
farmers insisted on planting cash crops
like cotton instead of food crops.
Economic Effects of the War
• Southern civilians
rioted over food
shortages in several
Confederate cities,
including Richmond,
the capital and broke
into shops and stole
food and other goods.
• Inflation made life
harder for working
people, with prices
rising 9,000 percent.
Economic Effects of the War
• Overall, war production boosted industry and
fueled the Northern economy.
• In the long term, manufacturing would begin to
replace farming as the basis of the national
economy.
Economic Effects of the War
Early in the war, the
Union established
the first income tax
and began issuing a
new paper currency,
known as
greenbacks.
Economic Effects of the War
The income tax helped the
Union to pay for the war.
Economic Effects of the War
The new currency helped the Northern
economy by ensuring that people had
money to spend.
Get your
fingers ready!
Why did the South experience
food shortages?
A. Too many farmers were away fighting in
the army.
B. Food was being sent to the front to feed
the army.
C. Farmers insisted on planting cash crops
like cotton instead of food crops.
D. Slaves that could have produced food
were drafted into the Confederate army.
Choose all that are true!
11. How did the war affect the
economy in the South and the North?
A. Slave resistance hurt the Southern
economy.
B. Food shortages caused by the war were
common in the South.
C. Inflation was much higher in the North than
it was in the South.
D. War production boosted Southern industry.
E. Several Southern cities experienced food
shortages, even riots.
Choose all that are true!
Resistance by Slaves
With so many
Southern men off
to war, slaves
often resisted by
slowing their
pace of work or
stopping
altogether.
Resistance by Slaves
Acts of sabotage against crops and farm
equipment were very common.
Resistance by Slaves
A few slaves even rose up in
rebellion against their owners.
Resistance by Slaves
More commonly, though, slaves ran away
from plantations to join the Union forces as
they pushed farther into Confederate territory.
Resistance by Slaves
After Lincoln
issued the
Emancipation
Proclamation,
even more slaves
ran away from
plantations, with
as many as half a
million having
fled to Union
lines by the end
of the war.
Get your
fingers ready!
Why did slave resistance grow
as the war progressed?
A. Slaves sometimes found soldiers’ discarded
weapons to use.
B. More Southern men were away fighting, and
their wives couldn’t control the slaves.
C. As Union troops drew nearer, slaves grew bold
enough to resist.
D. Confederate soldiers were removed from
patrolling the plantations and sent to the front.
E. As food supplies dwindled, hungry slaves were
less willing to submit to their masters.
Choose all that are true!
What was the least common
form of slave resistance?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Slowing down or stopping work
Breaking tools and farm equipment
Destroying crops
Rising up against their masters
Running away to the Union army
Lesson 17.2b –Women and
Prisoners of War
Today we will
describe how
women aided the
war effort and
discuss the
conditions
endured by
prisoners of war.
Vocabulary
• counterpart – someone doing as you
do, but on the other team or side
• exposure – effects of being without
protection from the weather
• dwarfed – made to seem small by
comparison
What We Already Know
Thousands of men,
North and South, left
their farms and
offices to serve in
the armed forces.
What We Already Know
In the North, Lincoln’s
Emancipation
Proclamation led tens of
thousands of African
Americans to join the
Union army.
What We Already Know
Before the Civil War, few women worked
outside their homes.
Women Aid the War Effort
Read aloud
with me!
With so many men away at war, women in
both the North and the South assumed
increased responsibilities.
Women Aid the War Effort
Read aloud
with me!
Women plowed fields
and ran farms and
plantations.
Women Aid the War Effort
They also took over jobs in offices
and factories that had previously
been done only by men.
Women Aid the War Effort
Other social changes
came about because
of the thousands of
women who served
on the front lines as
volunteer workers
and nurses.
Women Aid the War Effort
Relief agencies
put women to
work washing
clothes,
gathering
supplies, and
cooking food
for soldiers.
Women Aid the War Effort
Battlefield nursing,
which was once done
only by men, became a
respectable profession
for many women during
the Civil War.
Women Aid the War Effort
Read aloud
with me!
Women also played
a key role as spies
in both the North
and the South.
Get your
fingers ready!
12. What new roles were taken on by
women during the Civil War?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Nursing
Holding positions in the government
Cooking and laundering for soldiers
Working on farms and plantations
Working in offices and factories
Spying for the government
Choose the one that is NOT true!
Women Aid the War Effort
Before the Civil War, most
military nurses were men,
like the poet Walt Whitman.
Women Aid the War Effort
By the end of the war,
around 3,000 nurses
had worked under the
leadership of
Dorothea Dix in
Union hospitals.
Women Aid the War Effort
• Trained as a schoolteacher,
Clara Barton was working for
the government when the
Civil War began.
• She organized a relief agency
to help with the war effort.
• “While our soldiers stand and
fight,” she said, “I can stand
and feed and nurse them.”
• She also made food for
soldiers in camp and tended
to the wounded and dying on
the battlefield.
Women Aid the War Effort
• At Antietam, she held a doctor’s operating table
steady as cannon shells burst all around them.
• The doctor called her “the angel of the battlefield.”
• After the war, Barton founded the
American Red Cross.
Women Aid the War Effort
• Mary Ann Bickerdyke was
a widow who made herbal
medicine before the war.
• Her study of natural
medicine, which stressed
the benefits of clean water
and cleanliness, is credited
with saving more lives than
all the army physicians.
• Bickerdyke volunteered to clean tents, set up
field kitchens and operate army laundries. She
brewed hot soups and prepared nutritious
meals in field kitchens.
Women Aid the War Effort
• Known simply as “Mother” Bickerdyke, she
followed the Union army and established more
than 300 field hospitals to assist sick and
wounded soldiers.
• During battles, “Mother” Bickerdyke commonly
risked her own life by searching for wounded
soldiers on the battlefield.
Women Aid the War Effort
• Susie King Taylor was an
African-American woman
who wrote an account of
her experiences as a
volunteer with an AfricanAmerican regiment.
• Married to a Negro
soldier, she moved with
her husband's regiment,
serving as nurse and
laundress, and teaching
many of the black soldiers
to read and write during
their off-duty hours.
Women Aid the War Effort
Like their Northern
counterparts,
Southern women were
also active as nurses
and as volunteers on
the front.
Read aloud
with me!
Get your
fingers ready!
Which of the following women did
NOT serve as a Civil War nurse?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Clara Barton
Sarah Rosetta Wakeman
Mary Ann Bickerdyce
Susie King Taylor
What did Clara Barton do
after the war?
A. Helped to found the
American Red Cross
B. Organized the World
Health Organization
C. Became a wealthy
businesswoman
D. Was appointed
Surgeon General by
the president
Women Aid the War Effort
Women also played
a key role as spies
in both the North
and the South.
Women Aid the War Effort
Harriet Tubman
served as a spy
for Union
forces along
the coast of
South Carolina.
Read aloud
with me!
Women Aid the War Effort
• The most famous Confed–
erate spy was Belle Boyd.
• Although she was arrested
six times, she continued her
work through much of the
war.
• After the war, Boyd became
an actress in England, but in
1869, she returned to the
United States and began
touring the country giving
dramatic lectures about her
life as a Civil War spy.
Women Aid the War Effort
A popular Washington
widow and hostess
when the Civil War
began, Rose Greenhow
used her feminine
charms to pass along to
Confederate officials
information on the
defenses of Washington
and Union troop
movements.
Women Aid the War Effort
She is credited with
providing General
P.G.T. Beauregard with
information resulting in
the Union defeat at the
First Battle of Bull Run
in July 1861.
Women Aid the War Effort
• Both the Union and Confed–
erate armies rejected the
enlistment of women.
• Women who wanted to
serve in the army disguised
themselves as men and
assumed masculine names.
• Because many of them
successfully passed as
men, it is impossible to
know with any certainty how
many women served in the
Civil War.
Women Aid the War Effort
• But at least 135 women
soldiers are known to
have fought in the Civil
War disguised as men,
although estimates
believe the figure to be
closer to 400.
• Of these brave women
fighting on both sides
of the line was one
named Sarah Rosetta
Wakeman.
Women Aid the War Effort
• Wakeman served from
April 1862 and fought in
the Battle of Pleasant Hill
in April 1864.
• She died from dysentery
on later that year.
• Her true gender was not
known until Wakeman's
many letters home were
discovered many years
later by a relative.
Women Aid the War Effort
Read aloud
with me!
In some areas of the country, women formed
Home Guards in order to protect the home
front while the men and boys were gone.
Women Aid the War Effort
Some of these groups consisted only of teenagers
and young women, who practiced and drilled and
made their own uniforms to look like those worn by
male soldiers.
Get your
fingers ready!
Which of the following women did
NOT serve as a Civil War spy?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Harriet Tubman
Belle Boyd
Mary Ann Bickerdyce
Rose Greenhow
Civil War Prison Camps
Women caught spying
were thrown into jail,
but soldiers captured
in battle suffered far
more.
Civil War Prison Camps
At prison camps in both the North and the
South, prisoners of war faced terrible
conditions.
Civil War Prison Camps
• One of the worst prison camps in the
North was in Elmira, New York.
• In just one year, more than 24 percent of
Elmira’s 12,121 prisoners died of sickness
and exposure to severe weather.
Civil War Prison Camps
• Conditions were also horrible in the South.
• The camp with the worst reputation was at
Andersonville, Georgia.
• Built to hold 10,000 prisoners, at one point
it housed 33,000.
• A staggering 13,700 men died within
thirteen months at Andersonville.
Civil War Prison Camps
• Inmates had little shelter from the weather.
• Most slept in holes scratched in the dirt.
• Drinking water came from one tiny creek
that also served as a sewer.
Civil War Prison Camps
Read aloud
with me!
As many as 100 men per
day died at Andersonville
from starvation, disease,
and exposure.
Civil War Prison Camps
People who saw the
camps were
shocked by the
condition of the
soldiers, comparing
them to mummified
corpses.
Civil War Prison Camps
Around 50,000 men died in Civil War prison
camps. But this number was dwarfed by the
number of dead on the battlefronts and
even more from disease in army camps.
Get your
fingers ready!
What were two of the nation’s
worst Civil War prison camps?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Bradenton, Maryland
Elmira, New York
Andersonville, Georgia
Paducah, Kentucky
Evansville, Indiana
Be sure to choose TWO!
13. Why did so many soldiers suffer
and die behind enemy lines in
places like Andersonville, Georgia
and Elmira, New York?
A. They were army headquarters, and as
such were targets for spies.
B. They were sites of early battles in which
black troops led the attack.
C. They were prisoner–of–war camps, where
soldiers suffered disease and starvation.
D. They were part of Lee's second invasion
of the North.
Portfolio 17.2 Study Questions (p54)
7. What did Southerners like Jefferson Davis believe the
Constitution said about the rights of states?
8. How did the South’s principle of states’ rights
undermine the Confederate war effort?
9. How did President Lincoln deal with Copperheads
and war protests?
10. How did the draft laws in the North and South differ?
11. How did the war affect the economy in the South
and the North?
12. What new roles did women take on during the war?
13. Why did so many soldiers suffer and die behind
enemy lines in places like Andersonville, Georgia and
Elmira, New York?
(Copy the following 17.2 Class Notes chart on Portfolio p)
New war-time roles for women –
Clara Barton –
Mary Ann Bickerdyce –
Susie King Taylor –
Harriet Tubman –
Belle Boyd –
Skip two blank lines
between each one!
Rose Greenhow –
Sarah Rosetta Wakeman –
Andersonville, Georgia –
Elmira, New York –
Causes of death for prisoners of war –