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SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social
dimensions of Reconstruction.
a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with
Radical Republican Reconstruction.
b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the
former slaves and provide advanced education (Morehouse
College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments.
d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of
resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction.
e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in
relationship to Reconstruction.
f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the
subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the end of
Reconstruction.
EQ: What were the successes and failures of Southern
Reconstruction?
KQ1: What were the main differences b/w Presidential
and Radical Reconstruction?
KQ2: What are the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments?
KQ3: What was the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
KQ4: Why was Andrew Johnson impeached?
KQ5: What was the basic exchange in the Compromise
of 1877?
Historical Context
A. The post-war reconstruction of the South
was a virtual disaster (1865-1877)
B. Political struggle b/w the President and
the Congress
-Leniency or Punishment
C. Major Questions:
-What qualifications would determine the
readmission of Southern States to the
Union?
-What was the political and economic
standing of former slaves (freedmen)?
D. Reconstruction ended in 1877
-Southern States controlled by White
Democrats
-Disfranchisement of African-Americans
-Status Quo Antebellum
Reconstruction Amendments
13th Amendment (1865)- No slavery or involuntary
servitude except as punishment for a crime
-abolished slavery
14th Amendment (1868)
- Citizenship for all born and naturalized in the United
- Equal protection under the Constitution
15th Amendment (1870)- Right to vote shall not be
denied based on race, color, or previous condition of
servitude
Presidential Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln
Presidential Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
A.
Leniency and Reconciliation
-bring the southern states back into the
Union as quick and as easy as possible
B.
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan (1863)
-amnesty (pardon) w/ few exceptions
-10% Oath of Allegience = readmission
C.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)- angry response
of Radical Republicans in Congress
-Congress should control Reconstruction
-51% Oath of Allegience = readmission
D.
Lincoln’s Pocket Veto
-killed the Wade-Davis Bill
-set the stage for conflict
President Andrew Johnson
A. Represented the State of Tennessee
-advocate of poor whites
-Pro-Union Democrat
B. Slave-owner and supporter of the
constitutionality of slavery
-until it threatened the Union
C. Only Senator to remain loyal to the
Union following secession
-blamed the planter-aristocracy for
instigating secession
D. Selected as Lincoln’s running mate for
the Election of 1864
-National Union Party
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
A. Assumed control of Reconstruction w/o the
consent of Congress
B. Four Conditions for Readmission:
1. Nullify Secession
2. Oath of Allegiance to the Union
3. Cancel War Debts
4. Ratify the 13th Amendment
-abolish slavery
C. Favored a South governed by white men over
his personal dislike for the former planter
aristocracy
-State Governments and Congressional seats
filled by former Confederate leaders
D. Angered the Radical Republicans in Congress
-Johnson became the target of their wrath
Field Order No. 15
A. Issued by General Sherman (Jan. 1865)
-confiscation and redistribution of 400k acres
of plantation land along the coasts of
Georgia and South Carolina to refugees,
slaves, and loyal whites
-40 acres and a mule
B. Two main goals:
1. To provide for freed slaves that the army
could not support
-the war still had to be won
2. To punish planter aristocracy for starting
the war (South Carolina)
C. Led to the creation of the Freedmen’s
Bureau to oversee implementation of the
order
D. President Johnson overturned the order and
vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau Act months
after assuming office
Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Acts
A. Government Agency created and funded by
the Republican Congress to counter the
effects of Presidential Reconstruction
-provide food, clothing, shelter, and medical
care
-negotiate labor contracts and settle
grievances
B. Black Codes- passed by Southern
legislatures to restore the status quo
antebellum
-to restrict the movement and rights of
former slaves
C. Civil Rights Act 1866- first legislation
enacted to fight discriminatory laws
D. President Johnson vetoed (forbid) both Acts
-marked the beginning of the end for
Presidential Reconstruction
Morehouse College
A. The key to unlock political participation and
representation for African-Americans was
education
-most could not read or write
B. Augusta Institute- established in 1867 and
based in the Springfield Baptist Church
-mission to train freedmen in theology and
education
C. Moved to Atlanta and eventually combined
w/ other institutions to form the Atlanta
University Center
-Atlanta University (1865)
-Clarke College
C. Center of the Civil Rights Movement
-pursuit of education
-racial equality through active political
participation
Radical Republican Reconstruction
A. Southern States should be treated
as conquered territories to be
punished and reorganized to the
satisfaction of the Radical
Republicans
B. Use 2/3 majority in both houses of
Congress to override Johnson’s
veto power
C. 14th Amendment- passed and
ratified as a condition for the
readmission of southern states
D. Military Reconstruction Acts 1867
-abolished existing southern
governments
- created 5 military districts
Thaddeus Stevens (Pa)
President Johnson’s Impeachment
A. Johnson used the remainder of his
presidential powers to fight Radical
Reconstruction
-Power of Appointment
B. Tenure of Office Act (1867)
-prohibited the president from removing
Lincoln’s cabinet members and appointees
C. Johnson denied the constitutionality of
the act
-deliberately violated the law by firing
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
D. Radicals in the House of Representatives
drafted articles of impeachment
-tried and acquitted by the Senate
(35-19) one vote short of guilty
Ku Klux Klan
A. Organized by former Confederate
officers in Tennessee
-Nathan Bedford Forrest
B.
To restore the status quo antebellum
(way things were before the war)
C.
Used violence, intimidation, and
terror to deprive African-Americans
of civil rights
-targeted white sympathizers
D. Driven underground during
President’s Grant’s first term
-Romanticized after Reconstruction
-re-emerged in Georgia in 1915
(Stone Mountain)
Resistance to Equality
A.
Methods to keep African-Americans
from exercising political rights
B.
Violence and Intimidation
-Ku Klux Klan
C.
Poll Tax & Debt peonage
D.
White Primary- prohibited AfricanAmericans from voting during primary
elections
E.
Literacy Test-must be able to read and
understand the constitution
F.
Grandfather Clause- exempted
ancestors of former Confederates from
the Literacy Test
End of Reconstruction
A. Grant Administrations were
plagued by scandal and
corruption
B. Panic of 1873- economic
depression
-widespread unemployment in
Northern cities
C. No significant progress in the
continued military occupation of
the South
D. Northerners lost interest in
Reconstruction
-democrats won control of the
House of Representatives (1874)
Election of 1876
D
D
D
Tilden
D= Disputed Electoral Votes
&
Military Occupation
Hayes
Compromise of 1877
A. Election of 1876
-Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
-Samuel Tilden (Democrat)
B. Tilden won the popular vote (250k)
-disputed states in the electoral college vote
-South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana (20)
C. Terms of the Compromise
1. Removal of Federal Troops from the South
2. Democratic appointment to the
presidential cabinet
3. Transcontinental Railroad along a southern
route
4. Economic legislation to aid the
industrialization of the South
D. Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
-Official End of Reconstruction