Transcript Document

Whatever happened to…
Confederate President
Jefferson Davis and
Confederate Vice
President Alexander
Stephens?
© 2005 Clairmont Press
CSA President Jefferson Davis Under
Arrest
Captured on May 10, 1865 in Irwinville, GA. After being
captured, he was held as a prisoner for two years in Fort Monroe,
Virginia. Afterwards, he enjoyed the retiree lifestyle - he was
president of an insurance company, wrote several books, and
traveled overseas.
© 2005 Clairmont Press
CSA Vice President Alexander Stephens Under Arrest
Stephens was arrested at his home in Crawfordville, GA on May 11,
1865. He was imprisoned in Fort Warren (MA) for five months until
October 1865. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia
(both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th
Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883.
© 2005 Clairmont Press
RECONSTRUCTION
So, we struggle to put
the pieces back
together again…
“It is more honorable to repair a wrong than persist in it.”
© 2005 Clairmont Press
~ Thomas Jefferson, author of The Declaration and 3rd US President
RECONSTRUCTION
DEFINITION: The process, after the Civil War, of reorganizing the
Southern states which had seceded and reestablishing them in the
Union. From 1867-77.
© 2005 Clairmont Press
C
President Lincoln’s Plan C
• Lincoln wanted to rebuild and
return the south to the Union as
soon as possible
• His plan was called the 10% plan
• “Reconstruction” would have two
parts:
1.Southerners would be pardoned after
taking an oath of allegiance;
2.When 10% of voters had taken the
oath, the state could rejoin the Union
and form a state government.
President Lincoln’s Plan
• Lincoln’s plan to reconstruct the
south was challenged. Some
northerners called “Radical
Republicans” thought the south
should be more severely
punished.
• The Radical Republicans wanted
to make sure the freedmen
retained their new rights.
A Life Cut Short…
• Lincoln was
assassinated in April
1865 during a play at
Ford’s Theater by
actor John Wilkes
Booth.
• Vice President
Andrew Johnson took
over as President.
Welcome our new president
-President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
© 2005 Clairmont Press
President Johnson’s Plan
 Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those
with property over $20,000 (but they could apply
directly to Johnson) [see page 300 – Figure 30]
 Southern states had to approve (ratify) the 13th
Amendment, nullify their ordinances of secession,
and promise not to repay money borrowed during
the war.
 He also named provisional governors in Confederate
states and called them to oversee elections and
the creation of new state constitutions.
© 2005 Clairmont Press
C
President Johnson’s Plan
 However, many Southern state constitutions fell short
of meeting minimum requirements.
 President Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
EFFECTS?
1. Pardoned, wealthy planters were
brought back to political power to
control state govt.
2. Republicans were outraged that
planter elite were back in power in
the South!
 With these wealthy, white, Southern Democrats back
in power, there is a revival of southern defiance. This
leads to the creation of BLACK CODES!
© 2005 Clairmont Press
C
The GA Constitutional Convention
of 1865
C
• President Johnson appointed James
Johnson as Georgia’s provisional governor.
A Constitutional Convention was held, and
the representatives voted to abolish slavery
and repeal the ordinance of secession.
• Elections were held in November 1865 for a
new legislature. It was full of white Southern
Democrats from before the war.
Black Codes
C
• Black Codes were laws passed by former
Confederate states to keep freedmen from
having the same rights as whites.
– Didn’t allow blacks: the same jobs as
whites, the right to vote, the right to marry
a white person, or the right to testify or
serve on a jury.
– Blacks could be: whipped as punishment,
forced to work from sunrise to sunset six
days per week, or put in jail if they didn’t
have a job.
Slavery is Dead?
© 2005 Clairmont Press
Amendments Activity
• With your group, read the official wording of either
the 13th, 14th, or 15th amendment.
• Discuss with your group the main points of the
document.
• On the large piece of paper provided, write the
name of the amendment, the date it was ratified,
and in your own words summarize the main points
of each section of the amendment.
• If you have additional time, you can draw pictures
and decorate your poster 
Warm up 1-28
Do you think that Georgians wanted to ratify
any of the new amendments?
Oh no, you didn’t!
• Congress was angry about Georgia’s Black
Codes, so it passed the 14th Amendment
granting:
– citizenship to all freedmen;
– the federal government power to
intervene any time civil rights were taken
from freedmen.
C
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Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress required southern states to ratify the
14th Amendment.
• Georgia and most of the other southern states
refused.
• Congress abolished these states’ governments
and put them under military rule.
• Georgia was ruled by General John Pope.
– Pope was required to register all male voters – black
and white. These voters would elect new
representatives to form a new state government.
Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Restart
Reconstruction in the
10 Southern states
that refused to ratify
the 14th Amendment.
 Divide the 10
“unreconstructed
states” into 5 military
districts.
 Required new state
constitutions, including
black suffrage and
ratification of the 13th
and 14th Amendments.
© 2005 Clairmont Press
Constitutional Convention of 1867 C
• Because GA refused to ratify the 14th amendment, GA had to
go through military reconstruction in 1867, and General
Pope registered Georgia's eligible white voters (95,214) and
black voters (93,457).
• Delegates were elected to create a new state constitution.
Delegates were mainly carpetbaggers (northerners who had
moved south), scalawags (southerners who sided with the
Republicans), and blacks.
• Accomplishments of the Convention:
– A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all citizens;
– Free public education for all children;
– Women were allowed to control their own property.
• Georgia now satisfied Congress, so General Pope and his
troops left the state.
African Americans in Politics
• The election of 1867 was the first time African
Americans had voted.
• Several African Americans were elected to
Georgia’s General Assembly.
• Rev. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first
black men elected in Georgia.
• The African Americans elected to the General
Assembly were expelled in 1868.
– It was argued by whites that civil rights laws gave
blacks the right to vote but not to be elected.
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Black & White Political Participation
© 2005 Clairmont Press
The Balance of Power in
Congress
© 2005 Clairmont Press
State
White Citizens
Freedmen
SC
291,000
411,000
MS
353,000
436,000
LA
357,000
350,000
GA
591,000
465,000
AL
596,000
437,000
VA
719,000
533,000
NC
631,000
331,000
The “Invisible Empire
of the South”
© 2005 Clairmont Press
The “Invisible Empire
of the South”
© 2005 Clairmont Press
Ku Klux Klan
• Secret organization – originally started as a
social club for men returning from the war.
• Members hid behind robes and masks, and
the group terrorized blacks to keep them
from voting (disenfranchisement)
• As a result, Congress passed “The Georgia
Act” and sent troops back to Georgia.
• The act required Georgia to pass the 15th
Amendment giving all males the right to
vote.
C
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 Said that citizens’ right to vote could
not be denied on account of race, color,
or previous condition of servitude.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote at the
same time!
© 2005 Clairmont Press
C
Conditions in Georgia at the
end of the war:
• farms were in ruins
• homes, railways, bridges,roads were
destroyed or in need of repair
• not enough food
• banks were closed – Confederate money
was worthless
• the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt
• 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or
disease and many more were crippled and
could not work
– Almost 20% of while male population aged 1845 died in war
The Freedmen
• Problems of freedmen (former slaves):
– homeless
– hungry
– uneducated
– free for the 1st time
– no property or goods
• Many former slaves feared re-enslavement
• Most whites had difficulty treating freeman
as free persons
The Freedmen’s Bureau
C
• Started by U.S. government in
1865
• Its job was to help freed slaves
and poor whites with basic
needs of food, clothing, and
shelter
• The purpose shifted to education
– Set up 4,000 primary schools
– Started industrial schools for
jobs training
– Started teacher-training
schools
• Missionaries started schools like
Atlanta University, Morehouse
College, and Clark College
Freedmen’s Bureau School
© 2005 Clairmont Press
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen
Through
Southern
Eyes
Plenty to
eat and
nothing to
do.
© 2005 Clairmont Press
© 2005 Clairmont Press
Economic Reconstruction
• Without slaves, landowners needed
laborers to work their large farms.
– Two systems emerged: tenant farming
and sharecropping.
• Cotton was still Georgia’s most
important crop
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Tenant Farming and
Sharecropping
Sharecropping
Landowner provides a house, land,
equipment, animals, fertilizer and
seeds.
The landowner issued credit to the
worker to buy medicine, food,
clothing and other supplies.
The landowner gets a share of the
crop and crops to pay any debt
owed.
Sharecroppers rarely had any cash.
Tenant Farming
Landowner provides house and
land.
Landowner received a set amount
of cash or a portion of the crop at
the end of the season.
Tenant farmers usually made a
small profit.
Sharecropping
© 2005 Clairmont Press
The End of Reconstruction
• The African Americans who had been
expelled from the General Assembly in
1868 were readmitted by the Georgia
Supreme Court in 1870.
• The Assembly approved the 14th and 15th
Amendments.
• In 1871, Georgia was readmitted to the
Union, thus ending Reconstruction in
Georgia.
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