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(War of Northern Aggression) Ch. 15 Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) U.S. (Union) troops wouldn’t leave the fort in Charleston Harbor, SC. Pres. Lincoln tried to send a resupply ship = turned away by the Confederates (southerners) Confederates fired on the fort = Union troops surrendered Lincoln declares a rebellion in the South & asks state governors for troops. Overwhelming support in the North. More states secede (VA, AR, & TN). Border States Slave states that stayed in the Union. Allowed to keep their slaves. Western counties of Virginia seceded when Virginia seceded from the Union = created West Virginia Some were put under martial law (MO & MD). Tale of the Tape Southern Advantages The North has to invade (home field advantage). Better military leadership (R.E. Lee, S. Jackson,& J. Johnston). Were secretly supported by Britain (needed their cotton & like a weak America). Tale of the Tape Northern Advantages 3x the number of factories (war manufacturing). 2x the miles of railroads (troop & supply movement). 2x the acres of farmland (food supply). 2/3 of the nation’s population (manpower). Strategies Union (Anaconda Plan – Winfield Scott) Blockade southern ports Control Mississippi & Ohio Rivers Cut the South in two Invade Virginia & seize Richmond Strategies Confederate Defend territory until the North tires. Depend on European aid. American vs. American Families torn apart (brother vs. brother & father vs. son) Kentucky senator had a son on either side. Mary Todd Lincoln (Pres. Lincoln’s wife) had four brothers fight for the Confederacy. Some as young as 14 served in both armies. Soldier’s Life ¾ of the time – in camp (drilling, gathering wood, writing letters) Food – terrible (hard tack) Lack of clean water. Diseases spread. New Technology in War Better weaponry – rifling & percussion caps Ironclads – warships covered in iron Merrimack vs. Monitor War in the East First Battle of Bull Run Most expected an easy Union victory (spectators). “Look, there is Jackson…standing like a stone wall.” Confederate victory War in the East Peninsular Campaign Wanted to advance on Richmond by a nearby peninsula. Union Gen. George B. McClellan (overly cautious) Always worried he didn’t have the numbers = waited Allowed for Confederate reinforcement = caused Union retreat Result – Confederates decide to invade the North Antietam Single bloodiest day (28,000) Lee retreats to Virginia. War in the West Ulysses S. Grant was in charge (risk taker) Won battles by being aggressive in Tennessee. Battle of Shiloh Confederate used a surprise attack. Heavy casualties, but a Union victory. Eventually Union control the Mississippi River. Lincoln’s feelings on slavery Originally didn’t want to end slavery, just contain it. “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it.” He changed his mind. The North needed to be morally right. Wanted to weaken the South. The Famous Proclamation (Jan. 1st, 1863) All slaves in the Confederacy were freed. This did NOT include slaves in the border states (to keep them in the Union). Effects Changed the aim of the war from saving the Union to ending slavery. Hoped to end Britain’s support of the South (Britain detested slavery). Brought in more support for the Union (abolitionists & African Americans More soldiers (189,000 African Americans/ 54th Mass.) Spies Slaves outright refused to work in the South. Division in Both Societies South – peace protests (didn’t want to secede, encouraged desertion) North – South had a right to secede & Lincoln forced the South into war Copperheads – Northern Democrats who wanted peace with the Confederacy How was dissention dealt with? Both sides suspended habeus corpus (protection from unlawful imprisonment) Drafting Used to compensate for desertion on either side. South – ages 17 – 50 (exception: owned 20 or more slaves or have a substitute) North – ages 20 – 45 (Exception: have a substitute or pay $300) Draft Riots (New York City) July 1863 Attacked African Americans & the wealthy to protest “a poor man’s war.” Economic Strains North – income tax & inflation South – rampant inflation (shoes - $8 - $800) & starvation Women’s Contributions on Both Sides Served in the military (disguised) Took over businesses & farms (work their husbands & sons did). Held jobs outside the home. Confederate Victories Fredericksburg – Burnside vs. Lee Chancellorsville – Hooker vs. Jackson Turning Point (July 4, 1863) Gettysburg Lee wanted a big victory in the North = They would want to end the war. Lee marched through Maryland into Pennsylvania. Stopped in Gettysburg in route to Harrisburg (for supplies). Union forces held off Confederates = Lee retreats to Virginia “Its all my fault. It’s I who have lost this fight.” R. E. Lee Gettysburg Address (Nov. 1863) – “For score and seven years ago..” Turning Point (July 4, 1863) Fall of Vicksburg (MS) Ulysses S. Grant Lays siege for two months = battered into submission Union controls Mississippi River = cut the South in half Ulysses S. Grant vs. Robert E. Lee Grant chased Lee for months. He never completely won, but NEVER retreated. Many Union casualties. Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864) William T. Sherman burned Atlanta & destroyed everything on his way to Savannah, GA. Total war – destroying armies, resources, & the people’s will to fight Helped Lincoln win reelection over George B. McClellan. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address “With malice towards none; with charity for all; … let us strive together … to bind up the nation’s wounds.” Lee Surrenders to Grant at Appomattox (Aril 1865) Ends the Civil War Union soldiers began to celebrate as Confederates surrendered = Grant silences them “The war is over. The rebels are our countrymen.” Results The Union was preserved. Ended slavery. Killed the most Americans (around 620,000)