Transcript OBJECTIVE: How was America changed by WWI?

19.3 THE WAR AT HOME
OBJECTIVE: How was America changed by
WWI?
CONTEXT
• The US has been opposed to joining the
war
• Very quickly, the US must change gears,
economically and psychologically
• US must supply itself AND THE ALLIES
• Everyone must pitch in
• New Opportunities open for women and
minorities
HOW AMERICA CHANGED…
• POLITICALLY
• Congress gives the President direct control
over the economy.
• Government establishes a propaganda
campaign
• Espionage and Sedition Act restricts Civil
Liberties
• IWW (Wobblies) and Eugene V. Debs tried for
sedition
• Women get the right to vote in 19th
Amendment (1920)
Why do you think civil liberties
were so easily violated by the
people and government of the
US during WWI?
Leslie's Illustrated News cover from September 29, 1917, "Be Patriotic sign your country's pledge to
save the food"
Leslie's Illustrated News cover from
September 29, 1917, "Be Patriotic sign
your country's pledge to save the
food"
A patriotic wartime poster. (Picture
Research Consultants & Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
WWI poster: "Sow the Seeds of Victory"
WWI poster: "Sow the Seeds of
Victory"
In 1918, this poster by James
Montgomery Flagg appealed to
American women to contribute to
victory by conserving food through
raising and preserving food for their
families. The woman is shown sowing
seeds (in the way that grain was planted
before the development of agricultural
machinery for that task), garbed in a
dress made from an American flag, and
wearing a red Liberty cap, a symbol that
originated in the French Revolution.
(Ohio Historical Society)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
HOW AMERICA CHANGED…
• ECONOMICALLY
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War Industries Board regulates the economy
Government intervenes in labor disputes
AF of L supports mobilization, few strikes
Economy gears up, largely voluntarily (except for
trains)
Herbert Hoover organizes food relief for Allies
Voluntary efforts=“victory gardens” & self-denial
Eighteenth Amendment = Prohibition
Income tax
Schenk v. US
Evidence held sufficient to connect the defendants with the mailing of
printed circulars in pursuance of a conspiracy to obstruct the
recruiting and enlistment service, contrary to the Espionage Act of
June 15, 1917.
Incriminating document seized under a search warrant directed
against a Socialist headquarters, held admissible in evidence,
consistently with the Fourth and Fifth Amendment, in a criminal
prosecution against the general secretary of a Socialist party, who
had charge of the office.
Words which, ordinarily and in many places, would be within the
freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment may become
subject to prohibition when of such a nature and used in such
circumstances a to create a clear and present danger that they will
bring about the substantive evils which Congress has a right to
prevent. The character of every act depends upon the
circumstances in which it is done. P. 51.
http://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0249_0
047_ZS.html
YOUR EXPERIENCE:
Are there any parallels between
the US in 1918 and the US in
2008?
In our attitudes toward foreigners?
Immigrants?
Civil Liberties?
Dissent?
HOW AMERICA CHANGED…
• SOCIALLY
• Women join labor force in large number
• Great African-American Migration from South
to North
• Race riots, esp. St. Louis, Chicago
• Anti-German sentiment grows in public
• Women begin voting
• America gripped by Great Flu Epidemic
(500,000 Americans die)
SOCIAL CHANGE DURING WWI
WEB Du Bois urges support of war effort
Great Black Migration
EFFECTS:
• Change composition of Chicago, Detroit, St.
Louis, New York, Philly
• Race Riots
CAUSES:
• Escape from Jim Crow South
• Poor cotton harvests of 1916
• Ford Motor Comp. Hired African-Americans
• Northern manufacturers’ “recruiters”
THE GREAT MIGRATION
http://www.journaltimes.com/migration/images/fsa1.jpg
African American family just arrived in Chicago, 1912
African American family just arrived in Chicago, 1912
Labor shortages and high wages drew African Americans from the south to the north. This
family, including members of three generations, posed for a photographer upon their arrival in
Chicago from the south, as part of the Great Migration during World War I. (Schomburg Center
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for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library)
http://eden.rutgers.edu/~keen/cartography/michiganslavery/michiganrevisited.gif
SOCIAL CHANGE DURING WWI
• Women enter the workforce
• Women enlist in armed forces
• 19th Amendment (1920) –
WOMEN GET RIGHT TO VOTE
http://userpages.aug.com/captbarb/images/wmw1.gif
Poster: "Stenographers We Need You"
Poster: "Stenographers We Need
You"
Many government agencies used posters
to appeal to the American people for
help in winning the war. This one, from
the U.S. Employment Service,
encouraged women to enter the work
force. (National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Woman workers on the Union Pacific Railroad, May 29, 1918
Woman workers on the Union Pacific Railroad, May 29, 1918
Labor shortages attracted new people into the labor market and opened up some jobs
to women and members of racial minorities. In May of 1918, these women worked
in the Union Pacific Railroad freight yard in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Most of them
seem delighted to have their picture taken in their work clothes. (Wyoming State
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Museum)
INFLUENZA PANDEMIC OF 1918
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Also known as “Spanish Flu”
Global flu
25% of population sick
500,000 Americans killed
40 million+ killed worldwide
Red Cross workers in Philadelphia, 1918
Red Cross workers in Philadelphia, 1918
Red Cross workers like these in Philadelphia and other public-health professionals
mobilized to combat a deadly influenza epidemic that claimed over half a million
American lives. ()
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http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/collections/archives/agalleries/1918flu/Reeve3141.jpg
tp://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/collections/archives/agalleries/1918flu/1918flu.html